Journal of Social Science and Cultural

EFFECTS OF CROSS-CURRICULAR ACTIVE LEARNING ACTIVITIES USING A COMMUNITY SUGAR-COATED PEANUT PRODUCT MANUAL TO PROMOTE THE CREATIVE ECONOMY AMONG GRADE 3 PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Saiyut Phupuy — 2026-09-23

This experimental study employed a one-group pretest-posttest design to investigate the effects of cross-curricular active learning activities using a community sugar-coated peanut product manual. The objectives were to examine the effectiveness of the learning activities, compare students’ knowledge of the creative economy before and after the intervention, evaluate students’ product processing skills, and investigate their attitudes toward honest occupations. The target population consisted of 20 Grade 3 students at Banklang School, Kuchinarai District, Kalasin Province, Thailand, representing the entire classroom population. The research instruments included 10 cross-curricular active learning lesson plans, a creative economy knowledge test with an Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) ranging from 0.67 to 1.00, a product processing skills assessment with an IOC of 1.00, and an attitude questionnaire with IOC values ranging from 0.67 to 1.00 and a reliability coefficient of 0.70. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and the paired-samples t-test. The findings revealed that: 1) The students actively participated in all learning activities as specified in the ten lesson plans. 2) The students’ posttest scores on creative economy knowledge were significantly higher than their pretest scores at the .05 level of statistical significance. 3) The overall assessment of students’ product processing skills was at the excellent level. Students successfully performed peanut seed sorting and designed product logos using Canva and a basic drawing application It is at a very good quality level. and 4) The students demonstrated very positive attitudes toward honest occupations, with the overall attitude score at the strongly agree level. The findings suggest that cross-curricular active learning integrated with community-based learning resources effectively enhances students’ knowledge of the creative economy, practical product processing skills, and positive attitudes toward honest occupations while promoting local wisdom and creative economy education at the primary school level.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR SPECIALIZED MARITIME EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS TOWARD EXCELLENCE IN ACCORDANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS THROUGH A COLLABORATIVE NETWORK MECHANISM

Chaiyachat Yoiyangthong — 2026-09-23

This research aimed to 1) Study the problems and priority needs in managing maritime vocational educational institutions under international standards, 2) Develop a management model for specialized maritime educational institutions toward excellence in accordance with international standards through a collaborative network mechanism, 3) Implement the model in an educational institution, and 4) Evaluate the effectiveness and stakeholder satisfaction. The study employed a four-phase research and development (R&D) methodology. Target groups included: Phase 1, 82 internal personnel and 128 enterprises; Phase 2, 22 key informants and 9 experts; and Phases 3 and 4, 114 relevant participants, selected via purposive sampling. Research instruments comprised questionnaires, evaluation forms, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, modified Priority Needs Index (PNI modified), t-test for dependent samples, and content analysis. The findings revealed that 1) The current state indicated the highest need for co-creation participation ( = 4.59, S.D. = 0.54) to address the simulator shortage, 2) The model driven by four strategies-co-designing curriculum, co-resourcing, personnel development, and competency certification-demonstrated suitability at the highest level ( = 4.79, S.D. = 0.41), 3) Model implementation achieved the highest success in simulator sharing ( = 4.79, S.D. = 0.41), and 4) Post-implementation effectiveness revealed that learners’ professional competencies were significantly higher than before at the .05 statistical level (_pre = 3.24, S.D. = 0.42); (_post = 4.68, S.D. = 0.38); (t = 28.45, df = 113, p < .001), with a direct employment rate of 91.23 percent, an equipment procurement budget reduction of 31.25 percent through network resource sharing, and overall stakeholder satisfaction at the highest level ( = 4.85, S.D. = 0.35).

THE STATUS OF ANIMALS AS CREATURES AND HOLISTIC WELL-BEING: A SYNTHESIS OF A CHRISTIAN ETHICAL FRAMEWORK FOR HUMAN-ANIMAL RELATIONS

Yutthapan Pinich — 2026-09-23

This research article aims to: 1) Analyze the status and value of animals as creatures within biblical and Christian theological frameworks; 2) Synthesize a Christian ethical framework for human-animal relations by engaging the principles of creation, human responsibility, compassion, justice, reconciliation, and the hope of all creation; and 3) Propose practical applications of this framework for promoting the holistic well-being of humans, communities, and the environment in contemporary contexts. The study employed a qualitative documentary research design. A total of 54 core documents were purposively selected, including biblical texts, biblical commentaries, Christian theological literature, scholarly literature on well-being and human-animal relations, and other relevant documents. The data were analyzed through exegetical interpretation and synthesized through theological and Christian ethical analysis. The findings revealed that animals should not be understood merely as resources, property, or instruments for human benefit. Rather, they should be regarded as creatures whose value is grounded in their relationship with the Creator and whose place within creation is related to covenant, care, justice, reconciliation, and the hope of all creation. The theological and ethical synthesis resulted in a five-dimensional Christian ethical framework comprising: the intrinsic value of creatures, human beings as stewards of creation, compassion and justice toward all life, limited and responsible use, and relational well-being.
This framework may be applied at the individual, familial, communal, educational, cultural, and ecological levels to promote the holistic well-being of human beings, communities, animals, and the environment. The findings also provide a conceptual basis for curriculum development, pastoral care, and further theological reflection on environmental responsibility, as well as for the formulation of institutional policies on animal welfare and ecological sustainability.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHORT-TERM MEMORY WITH PHYSICAL FITNESS AMONG THE ELDERLY IN NAKHON SAWAN PROVINCE

Siam Thongbai — 2026-09-23

This research aimed to examine the relationship between short-term memory and physical fitness among the elderly in Nakhon Sawan Province. The sample consisted of 390 elderly individuals residing in Nakhon Sawan Province, determined using Krejcie and Morgan’s formula. Selection criteria were applied to target districts with an elderly population of no less than 9,000. Subsequently, cluster random sampling was performed via drawing lots to select three districts: Mueang Nakhon Sawan, Takhli, and Phayuha Khiri, with data collected proportionally. The inclusion criteria were residents of Nakhon Sawan Province aged 60 years or older who participated in local elderly club or association activities, were not bedridden, had no medical conditions or injuries that would hinder participation, and voluntarily consented to join the study. Data were collected using a short-term memory test developed by the researcher, adapted from the MMSE-Thai 2002 and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Thai Version (MoCA-Thai). Content validity was verified using the Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC), yielding a score of 0.96. Physical fitness was also evaluated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between short-term memory and physical fitness. Results: Short-term memory showed a statistically significant positive correlation with physical fitness at the .01 level. Specifically, short-term memory was positively correlated with cardiorespiratory endurance (r = .695, p < .001), muscular endurance (r = .621, p < .001), and muscular strength (r = .292, p < .001).

THE MA-KE MODEL: A SOCIAL STUDIES MAKERSPACE INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL TO ENHANCE PRE-SERVICE SOCIAL STUDIES TEACHERS’ COMPETENCIES IN THE NEXT NORMAL CLASSROOM

Chayanid Yimsawat — 2026-09-23

The preparation of pre-service social studies teachers within next-normal classroom contexts lacks an operational framework that systematically integrates knowledge construction, critical thinking, socio-cultural participation, and teacher competency development, especially in the context of makerspaces, where most research is still limited to STEM fields.This study aimed to 1) Design the MA-KE Model as a Social Studies Makerspace instructional model for pre-service social studies teachers and 2) Examine the competencies developed through its implementation. A qualitative research and development design was employed within a participatory action research (PAR) framework, involving iterative cycles of planning, action, observation, and reflection. The model was developed by integrating educational theories with the socio-cultural context of Lanna communities in Northern Thailand. Participants comprised 64 pre-service social studies teachers from Chiang Mai University and 40 secondary school students from two schools, purposively selected to reflect the contextual differences between digital and cultural capital: a private school in an urban area and an ethnic minority boarding school. Data were collected using multiple methods (structured observation records; focus group discussions; open ended questionnaires; reflective journals; student produced artefacts) and data analysis was conducted via an iterative qualitative methodology. The results showed that the MA-KE Model consists of four consecutive phases: Mapping Learners, Architecting the Learning Journey, Kicking-off Creative Learning Practice, and Evaluating and Elevating Learners. In addition, the use of the model enabled the pre-service teachers to develop six competencies that functioned as an interconnected ecosystem, i.e., each of the competencies supported and complemented the other five. The study advances three theoretical contributions: A culturally grounded makerspace pedagogy framework, A reflective practice framework for transformative learning, The MA-KE Competency Ecosystem. These contributions support educational innovation aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4.7 and 10.

DEVELOPING LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT ON PALI AND SANSKRIT LOANWORDS IN THAI LANGUAGE THROUGH COOPERATIVE LEARNING WITH THE LEARNING TOGETHER (LT) TECHNIQUE AND BOARD GAME-BASED LEARNING SET OF GRADE 8 STUDENTS THAKHLONG MUNICIPALITY SCHOOL 1 PATHUM THANI PROVINCE

Montha Wiriyangkul — 2026-09-23

The purposes of this research were to: 1) Develop the learning achievement in Pali and Sanskrit loanwords in the Thai language among Grade 8 students at Thakhlong Municipality School 1 through cooperative learning using the Learning Together (LT) technique combined with a board game-based learning set; and 2) Investigate the students’ satisfaction with learning Pali and Sanskrit loanwords in the Thai language. The research employed cooperative learning using the Learning Together (LT) technique combined with a board game-based learning set. The sample consisted of 24 Grade 8 students selected through cluster random sampling. The research instruments included lesson plans on Pali and Sanskrit loanwords in the Thai language, a board game-based learning set, a learning achievement test, and a satisfaction questionnaire on the learning process using the LT technique combined with the board game-based learning set. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and a t-test to compare learning achievement, as well as the mean to analyze students’ satisfaction. The results revealed that students who received instruction through cooperative learning using the Learning Together (LT) technique combined with the board game-based learning set achieved significantly higher learning outcomes in Pali and Sanskrit loanwords in the Thai language at the .05 level of significance. Their overall satisfaction with the learning process was at the highest level. The findings indicate that cooperative learning using the Learning Together (LT) technique combined with a board game-based learning set is appropriate for further application in Thai language instruction.

DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP INDICATORS FOR PRIVATE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION ADMINISTRATORS

Sirichai Muangkhot — 2026-09-23

This research aimed to 1) Examine the components of entrepreneurial leadership; 2) Investigate the goodness-of-fit of the developed structural model of entrepreneurial leadership indicators with empirical data; and 3) Develop a manual for the utilization of entrepreneurial leadership indicators for private vocational education administrators. A mixed-methods research design was employed and conducted in three phases. Phase I involved examining the components of entrepreneurial leadership through the synthesis of relevant documents and research, interviews with experts, and a case study of an outstanding vocational education institution. Phase II examined the goodness-of-fit of the structural model of entrepreneurial leadership indicators with empirical data. Data were collected from 500 private vocational education administrators in the 2025 academic year, selected through multistage random sampling. The research instrument was a five-point rating scale questionnaire with an Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) of 1.00, discrimination indices ranging from 0.86 to 0.96, and a reliability coefficient of 0.99. Data were analyzed using statistical software. Phase III involved developing a manual for the utilization of entrepreneurial leadership indicators for private vocational education administrators. The appropriateness of the manual was evaluated by five experts using a five-point rating scale questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The findings can be summarized as follows: 1) entrepreneurial leadership consisted of five major components: vision, risk-taking, innovation, proactiveness, and creativity; 2) the developed structural model of entrepreneurial leadership indicators for private vocational education administrators was consistent with the empirical data (Chi-square = 102.35, df = 101, p-value = 0.44, GFI = 0.98, AGFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.005); and 3) the manual for the utilization of entrepreneurial leadership indicators for private vocational education administrators was rated at the highest level of appropriateness.

DEVELOPMENT OF A COOPERATIVE EDUCATION MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR ADVANCING GRADUATE COMPETENCIES AT PRINCE OF SONGKLA UNIVERSITY, SURAT THANI CAMPUS

Kannikar Thumbumroun — 2026-09-23

This study aimed to 1) Examine and compare employers’ opinions of the potential of cooperative education students and 2) Synthesize the findings to develop a systems-based cooperative education management model for Prince of Songkla University, Surat Thani Campus. A quantitative survey design was employed. The sample consisted of workplace supervisors, managers, and human resources personnel representing 195 host organizations. The participants were purposively selected because they had direct experience in supervising, monitoring, or evaluating the work performance of cooperative education students and could therefore provide information relevant to the research objectives. Data were collected using an online questionnaire and analyzed using percentages, means, standard deviations, t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings revealed that the students’ overall potential was rated at the highest level. Personal attributes received the highest mean score, followed by responsibility for assigned duties, work achievement, and knowledge and abilities, respectively. Opinions differed significantly according to the evaluators’ job positions, with workplace supervisors tending to assign higher ratings than managers and human resources personnel. Significant differences based on work experience were found only in ratings of personal attributes, while significant differences based on the type of business were found only in ratings of knowledge and abilities. No significant differences were found based on gender. The prominence of personal attributes indicates the labor market’s emphasis on responsibility, discipline, adaptability, and the ability to work collaboratively with others, alongside professional knowledge and skills. The findings were synthesized into a systems-based cooperative education management model that integrates student preparation, work-based learning, supervision and monitoring, employer participation, and feedback. The model encompasses the stages before, during, and after cooperative education placements and supports curriculum improvement, enhances student preparation, and strengthens long-term collaboration with employers, thereby strengthening graduate competencies to meet labor market needs in a sustainable manner.

EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM NETWORK MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF KO YAI SUB-DISTRICT, KRASAE SIN DISTRICT, SONGKHLA PROVINCE

Pitoon Thongchim — 2026-09-23

This research article aims to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of community-based tourism network management in Ko Yai Sub-district, Krasae Sin District, Songkhla Province. A qualitative research method was employed using focus group discussions with purposively selected key stakeholders, including community representatives, occupational groups, entrepreneurs, as well as public and private organizations. Data were analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed that although the network possesses local capital assets and partners ready for collaboration,
it lacks a central coordination mechanism, clear roles and responsibilities, and a continuous monitoring and evaluation system. Quantitatively, dimensions with low mean scores included management (1.96), service quality (2.01), and public relations (2.27), whereas dimensions with moderate mean scores were cultural conservation (2.87), socio-economics (2.55), and natural resources (2.36). These results reflect that while the network has raised awareness of local potential to a certain extent, income distribution, market connectivity, and household participation remain unclear. The community lacks a centralized accounting system and clear benefit-sharing criteria. Operations rely heavily on a few core leaders, with a limited number of local guides and route coordinators. Marketing relies on online pages but lacks a continuous public relations plan and linkages with tour operators. The new body of knowledge generated from this study is the “Framework for Elevating Community-Based Tourism Networks from Activity-Based Collaboration to Systemic Management,” comprising four key components: a central coordination mechanism, inclusive stakeholder participation, joint action plans and monitoring systems, and community-driven storytelling public relations. The study highlights the need to shift from occasional activity-based efforts to a collaborative management system with a designated host entity, backed by shared databases on spatial assets, routes, products, and common outcome indicators. This approach reduces redundancy, ensures equitable benefit distribution, strengthens sustainable community-based tourism in Ko Yai, and effectively meets CBT Thailand Standards and BCG Model guidelines.

COMPONENTS OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP OF INTEGRITY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS

Narumon Suphol — 2026-09-23

This study aimed to investigate the components of ethical leadership among administrators of Integrity Schools under the Office of the Basic Education Commission in Northeast Thailand. A qualitative research methodology was employed in two phases. In the first phase, ethical leadership components were examined and synthesized from eight sources comprising relevant documents, concepts, theories, and research studies. A document review form was used to collect the data, which were analyzed through content and frequency analyses. Components with frequencies of 50 percent or higher were selected. In the second phase, the appropriateness of the identified components was examined and confirmed through in-depth interviews with five purposively selected experts, comprising university lecturers, educational administrators, and school administrators. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview form and analyzed through content analysis. The findings revealed that 18 ethical leadership components were initially synthesized, of which six met the selection criterion: 1) Honesty, 2) Fairness, 3) Respect, 4) Responsibility, 5) Public-mindedness, and 6) Discipline. The experts confirmed that all six components were appropriate, clearly defined, comprehensive, and consistent with the context of Integrity Schools. These components reflected administrative behaviors characterized by adherence to moral principles and transparency, equitable treatment of stakeholders, respect for human rights and dignity, and compliance with laws and professional ethics. The findings indicated that the ethical leadership of Integrity School administrators was not limited to personal morality but also required the integration of organizational responsibility and commitment to the public interest. The identified components can be used as a framework for establishing behavioral indicators, developing training programs, constructing assessment instruments, and designing a sustainable ethical leadership development model for administrators of Integrity Schools.

ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF BUILDING INSPECTION SERVICE BUSINESSES IN THAILAND

Vichian Bussayabuntoon — 2026-09-23

This research aimed to: 1) Examine the characteristics of building inspection service providers and their businesses and compare their competitiveness across these characteristics; and 2) Analyze the organizational management factors affecting the competitiveness of building inspection service businesses in Thailand. This quantitative research employed a survey design. Questionnaires were distributed to all building inspectors registered with the Department of Public Works and Town
& Country Planning, yielding complete 298 complete questionaires. The questionnaire had an item-objective congruence index of 0.98 and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.992. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that most service providers were individual building inspectors, had an investment of no more than THB 1 million, and had no more than five inspectors on their teams. Competitiveness was at a high level, with service quality receiving the highest mean score. Competitiveness did not differ significantly according to provider type, investment, team size, location, or length of business operation. However, larger teams demonstrated significantly greater competitiveness in differentiation and niche-market focus. The seven dimensions of organizational management jointly explained 74.93% of the variance in competitiveness. Skills, organizational strategy, management style, and shared values were statistically significant predictors of competitiveness, in descending order of influence, whereas organizational structure, systems, and staff were not statistically significant predictors. The findings indicate that professional skills and expertise constitute the core of competitiveness among building inspection service businesses and should be supported by organizational strategy, management style, and shared values appropriate to the nature of professional service businesses.

CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF A QUALITY PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MODEL BASED ON CITIZENS’ NEEDS

Natha Sawetnarakul — 2026-09-23

This study adopted a quantitative research approach with the following objectives: 1) To analyze the confirmatory factor analysis, and 2) To examine the structural consistency of a quality public transportation system based on citizens’ needs with empirical data. The sample consisted of 400 citizens who utilized public transportation services in Thailand. A questionnaire was used as the research instrument, yielding an overall reliability coefficient of 0.90. The statistical methods applied included confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (S-CFA), utilizing the five service quality dimensions of the SERVQUAL framework to establish the conceptual model. The findings indicated that: 1) The confirmatory factor analysis validated the structural model, and 2) The proposed model was consistent with the empirical data, as all fit indices satisfied the recommended thresholds. The factor loadings were positive, ranging from 0.75 to 1.02, and were statistically significant at the 0.01 level. Among the components, safety had the highest factor loading at 1.02, indicating that safety is the primary factor influencing public decisions when selecting public transportation services. The observed variable of fare appropriateness exhibited the highest factor loading at 0.89, suggesting that service users highly value cost-effectiveness and reasonable travel expenses in relation to the quality of service provided. The model fit indices demonstrated a good fit with the empirical data (p = 0.100, CMIN/DF = 1.355, GFI = 0.983, and RMSEA = 0.030). The findings suggest that public transportation operators should strictly enhance safety measures alongside establishing fare rates aligned with service quality. Such improvements would increase perceived value, promote users’ satisfaction, and encourage the sustainable use of public transportation services among the public.

SERVICE QUALITY OF LOCAL RESTAURANTS FROM TOURISTS’ PERSPECTIVES AFFECTING REVISIT INTENTION AND WORD-OF-MOUTH RECOMMENDATION: A CASE STUDY OF MUEANG TRANG DISTRICT, TRANG PROVINCE

Amornrat Sutthithamanon — 2026-09-23

This research aimed to: 1) Examine the service quality of local restaurants in Mueang Trang District, Trang Province from tourists’ perspectives; 2) Investigate the relationship between the service quality of local restaurants and tourists’ revisit intention; and 3) Investigate the relationship between the service quality of local restaurants and tourists’ word-of-mouth recommendation. This study employed a quantitative research approach. The sample size table at a 95 percent confidence level and a margin of error of 0.05, yielding a total of 398 respondents. The respondents were selected using non-probability sampling through accidental sampling from Thai tourists who visited local restaurants in Mueang Trang District, Trang Province. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, multiple regression analysis, and content analysis. The findings revealed that the highest-rated dimension of service quality was assurance, followed by tangibles, reliability, empathy, and responsiveness, respectively. The hypothesis testing indicated that empathy was significantly related to tourists’ revisit intention, whereas assurance was significantly related to tourists’ word-of-mouth recommendation. The findings can be used as guidelines for improving the service quality of local restaurants by emphasizing empathy and assurance in order to promote tourists’ revisit intention and word-of-mouth recommendation.

DEVELOPMENT OF A SUPERVISION Model TO ENHANCE CAPACITY IN ACTIVE LEARNING MANAGEMENT FOR PROMOTING MEDIA LITERACY UNDER THE SUPHAN BURI PRIMARY EDUCATIONAL SERVICE AREA OFFICE 3

Krongthip Puengsuk — 2026-09-23

This research aimed to 1) Examine baseline data for developing active learning management abilities to promote media literacy, and 2) Develop a supervision model to enhance active learning management abilities that foster media literacy. A mixed-methods research design was employed. The research instruments consisted of a document analysis form, a questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews. The sample, selected through purposive sampling, comprised 128 participants: 75 lower secondary school students (Grades 7–9), 25 lower secondary school teachers, 25 school administrators, and 3 educational supervisors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, specifically mean and standard deviation. The results regarding student opinions revealed that the overall learning conditions and problems were at the highest level. Itemized analysis indicated that students most critically required learning management that promotes media literacy skills. Key informant data further substantiated that students should receive learning management promoting media literacy through problem-based learning, enabling them to investigate solutions and gain hands-on experience. Furthermore, teachers should receive supervision to enhance their active learning management abilities in media literacy, supported by administrators and professional development peers through a clear, systematic plan. The supervision model developed to enhance active learning management abilities promoting media literacy comprises 4 components: 1) Principles, 2) Objectives, 3) Supervision Process, and 4) Measurement and Evaluation. The supervision process consists of 4 steps: 1) Planning, 2) Executing Supervision, 3) Evaluating Supervision, and 4) Reflecting on Results.

STRATEGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF INTEGRATED COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS TO ENHANCE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF STUDENTS AT SARAPHI TECHNICAL COLLEGE

Nipon Yongkit — 2026-09-23

This research aimed to examine the environmental conditions and guidelines for developing, validating, and evaluating an integrative collaborative Networks management strategy to enhance the professional competencies of students at Saraphi Technical College. A mixed-methods multi-phase research design was employed. Research instruments included questionnaires, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and connoisseurship seminars. Key informants were purposively selected, comprising administrators, teachers, department heads, network partner representatives, and experts, classified into three groups: 15 participants for a workshop, 7 participants for validity and appropriateness verification, and 55 participants for strategy implementation evaluation. Data were analyzed using content analysis and overall synthesis. The findings revealed that the environmental conditions related to integrative collaborative Networks management at Saraphi Technical College were, overall, at a highest level. The college demonstrated readiness and potential to drive integrative cooperative networks across dimensions of administrative structure, policy, industry partnerships, personnel, resources, and management systems. Nevertheless, areas requiring further development included systematic network integration, clearly defined roles of network partners, establishment of a cooperative database, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, and the concrete linkage of collaborative outcomes to students' professional competencies. Regarding management guidelines, the process should systematically integrate planning, organizing, network leadership, operations, and evaluation. Emphasis should be placed on establishing shared network goals, creating a clear cooperative structure, adopting participatory leadership, and utilizing technology to support administration. The developed strategy comprised a vision, mission, objectives, strategic issues, indicators, and projects. This strategy serves as a model for enhancing learners’ professional competencies in alignment with labor market demands in the Industry 4.0 era, and can be applied as a guideline for developing network management in vocational education institutions operating in similar contexts. The results of strategy validation and implementation evaluation were at the highest level. ( = 4.68, S.D. = 0.47)

ADAPTIVE LEADERSHIP INDICATORS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS: TEST OF MEASUREMENT MODEL INVARIANCE CLASSIFIED BY SCHOOL SIZE

Narongchai Bootwang — 2026-09-23

This multiphase mixed-methods research aimed to: 1) Investigate the components and indicators of adaptive leadership among secondary school administrators; 2) Examine the goodness-of-fit of the measurement model with empirical data; 3) Test the measurement invariance of the measurement model across school sizes; and 4) Explore guidelines for developing adaptive leadership indicators. The research was conducted in four phases. Phase 1 investigated the components and indicators from 7 experts (purposive sampling) using a semi-structured interview protocol. Phases 2 and 3 tested the goodness-of-fit and measurement invariance of the measurement model by collecting data from 500 administrators and teachers. The sample size was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table, and participants were selected via multi-stage random sampling. A validated five-point Likert scale questionnaire was utilized. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, and multi-group structural equation modeling. Phase 4 explored development guidelines from 8 target participants (purposive sampling) using a structured interview protocol. The findings revealed that: 1) The adaptive leadership indicators consisted of 5 major components and 17 indicators; 2) The measurement model demonstrated a very good fit with the empirical data, with GFI = .958, NFI = .981, TLI = .982, CFI = .985, RMSEA = .051, and RMR = .002; 3) The measurement model demonstrated measurement invariance across three school sizes at both the configural level and the second-order factor loading invariance level; and 4) The five systematic development approaches included building faith and charisma, promoting honesty and transparency, promoting the use of technology, fostering an open working environment, and implementing systematic problem-solving in schools to enhance administrators’ competencies and support sustainable school development.

DEVELOPMENT OF MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS AND LATENT PROFILES ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH MINDSET FOR GRADUATE STUDENT TEACHERS

Nattakan Prachanban — 2026-09-23

This research aimed to: 1) Develop and examine the quality of a research mindset measurement instrument, and 2) Analyze the levels and latent profiles of research mindset. The research sample consisted of 240 first-year master’s and doctoral students in teacher education programs from faculties of education across universities representing six regions of Thailand. The sample size was determined based on Soper’s guideline, and participants were selected using multistage random sampling. The research instrument was a 30-item research mindset scale using a five-point rating scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), second-order confirmatory factor analysis, and latent profile analysis. The findings revealed that: 1) The research mindset measurement instrument comprised 30 items on a five-point rating scale. The item-level content validity index (I-CVI) ranged from .800 to 1.000, while the scale-level content validity index (S-CVI) was .987. The item discrimination indices ranged from .629 to .808. Factor loadings ranged from .711 to .886 and were statistically significant at the .05 level for all items. The reliability coefficients for the four components were .899, .909, .892, and .925, respectively. and 2) The latent profile analysis identified three distinct research mindset profiles. The “Beginning group” demonstrated an emerging level of research mindset, with mean scores at the moderate level (M = 3.093 - 3.289, S.D. = 0.322 - 0.399), comprising 15 participants (6.25%). The “Progressive group” demonstrated a high level of research mindset, with mean scores at the high level (M = 3.808 - 3.991, S.D. = 0.322 - 0.399), comprising 165 participants (68.75%). The “Strong Group” demonstrated a very high level of research mindset, with mean scores ranging from high to very high (M = 4.174 - 4.782, S.D. = 0.322 - 0.399), comprising 60 participants (25.00%).

COMMUNICATION OF COMMUNITY ENTERPRISE LEADERS TO PROMOTE WELLNESS TOURISM, THAI WISDOM, AND HERBS

Venus Khengnukhro — 2026-09-23

Promoting wellness tourism based on Thai wisdom and herbs required effective communication competencies among community enterprise leaders to communicate the value of local wisdom, build trust, and connect relevant networks. This study aimed to: 1) Examine the communication competencies of community enterprise leaders; 2) Investigate their communication management; and 3) Explore guidelines for developing their communication competencies to promote wellness tourism based on Thai wisdom and herbs. The study employed a qualitative cross-case research design. Twenty key informants were purposively selected from five model community enterprises rated at the excellent level across five regions of Thailand, including community enterprise chairpersons, committee members, network partners, and academics. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews and non-participant observation until data saturation was reached. The data were analyzed using content analysis and cross-case analysis, while the credibility of the findings was examined through triangulation. The findings revealed that: 1) Communication competencies comprised leader communication and leadership roles, with emphasis on integrated media use, storytelling, demonstrations, direct experiences, participation, and word-of-mouth communication;
2) Communication management encompassed leadership skills, core competencies, and functional competencies, with listening, honesty, transparency, credibility, and network coordination identified as key mechanisms; and 3) The development of communication competencies emphasized enhancing knowledge, attitudes, and practices together with experiential learning and network linkages, while taking into account differences in cultural capital, resources, and the distinctive identities of each community. The findings led to the proposal of the Integrated Communication Ecology Model for Advancing Sustainable Thai Wisdom and Herbal Wellness Tourism, which reflected the interconnections among leader competencies, community capital, communication processes, and networks in continuously promoting wellness tourism.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING TRAINING PACKAGE TO ENHANCE THE EXPERIENTIAL PROVISION ABILITIES OF EARLY CHILDHOOD TEACHERS IN SCHOOLS UNDER THE BORDER PATROL POLICE SUB-DIVISION

Chatchaya Rodrahong — 2026-09-23

This research aimed to 1) Study the effectiveness of the self-directed learning training package to enhance the experiential provision abilities of early childhood teachers in schools under the Border Patrol Police Sub-Division and 2) Investigate the satisfaction level of early childhood teachers towards the self-directed learning training package designed to enhance the experiential provision abilities of early childhood teachers in schools under the Border Patrol Police Sub-Division. This study employed a pre-experimental design (One Group Pretest-Posttest Design). The sample consisted of 14 early childhood teachers at the kindergarten level from seven schools under the Border Patrol Police Sub-Division 43, selected using purposive sampling. The instruments used for data collection included 1) A self-learning training package based on the 80/80 2) An efficiency criteria an assessment form for the experiential provision abilities of early childhood teachers and 3) an early childhood teacher satisfaction questionnaire. The statistics analyses employed included mean, and tandard Deviation (S.D.). Pre-experiment and post-experiment results were compared using a dependent samples t = test. The result of the study revealed that 1) The results of the study of the effectiveness of the self-learning training package found that the ability to organize the experiences of early childhood teachers after using the training set, it was higher than before using the training set. Statistically significant at the .05 level. and 2) The overall satisfaction assessment results towards the training package revealed that the participants' satisfaction was at a high level.

THE INFLUENCE OF SERVICE QUALITY AND TAX KNOWLEDGE ON TAX COMPLIANCE BEHAVIOR OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES) IN NAN PROVINCE

Jenapon Pakpoom — 2026-09-23

This research article aims to analyze the influence of the Revenue Department’s service quality on tax payment behavior through the tax knowledge of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) entrepreneurs in Nan Province. The research was conducted using a quantitative research methodology. The population and sample consisted of 300 legally registered small and medium enterprise (SME) entrepreneurs in Nan Province, selected through a combination of purposive and convenience sampling methods. The research instrument used was a questionnaire with high reliability. The statistic used for data analysis was structural equation modeling (SEM). The research results revealed that the model demonstrated a good fit with the empirical data ( /df = 1.964, GFI = 0.949, RMSEA = 0.059). Regarding the hypothesis testing results, it was found that: 1) service quality had a statistically significant direct positive influence on the tax knowledge of entrepreneurs; 2) tax knowledge had a statistically significant direct positive influence on tax payment behavior; and 3) the mediation analysis revealed that the Revenue Department’s service quality had no significant direct influence on the tax payment behavior of entrepreneurs, but exerted an indirect influence through tax knowledge as a full mediator. The research findings indicate that elevating the service quality of the Revenue Department to effectively develop and transform the tax compliance behavior of entrepreneurs essentially requires operating through a process of establishing accurate, clear, and comprehensive tax knowledge for local taxpayers. Government agencies and relevant stakeholders can utilize these research findings as policy guidelines for future tax collection.

A SYNTHESIS OF A BUDDHIST GOOD GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK FOR COMMUNITY ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT BASED ON ESG PRINCIPLES

Bhanupong Nabhumi — 2026-09-23

This study aimed to examine ESG concepts relevant to community enterprise development, analyze Buddhist good governance principles applicable to the management of community enterprise development, and synthesize a Buddhist good governance framework for community enterprise development based on ESG principles. A qualitative documentary research design was employed.
A total of 55 document entries were purposively selected from verifiable sources. Contemporary documents published during 2015 - 2026 were included, while no publication-year restriction was applied to foundational documents. The documents were classified into five groups: Buddhism and Buddhist teachings; governance and Buddhist good governance; ESG and sustainable development; community enterprises and the grassroots economy; and related empirical studies. Data were analyzed using content analysis, conceptual categorization, and conceptual synthesis. The findings indicate that ESG for community enterprises should be adapted from a reporting framework designed for large corporations into a development management framework aligned with community contexts. The environmental dimension emphasizes moderate resource use and impact reduction. The social dimension focuses on members, customers, communities, networks, and social capital, while the governance dimension emphasizes group rules, accounting, transparency, participation, risk review, and shared accountability. Relevant Buddhist good governance principles include non-harming, moderation, loving-kindness and compassion, Sangahavatthu 4, Sappurisa-dhamma 7, and Aparihaniya-dhamma 7, which can be translated into self-governance mechanisms for community organizations. The synthesized framework comprises six components: moderate and non-harmful resource use; integrity and transparency; rule-based participation; supportive and equitable relations; wisdom and prudence; and accountability for collective outcomes. The framework can serve as a basis for developing practical guidelines, indicators, and ESG readiness assessment tools for community enterprises.

DEVELOPMENT OF A CULTURAL MARKET TO ENHANCE THE ECONOMY AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN THE CULTURAL DISTRICT OF KHUNG SAMPHAO, MANOROM DISTRICT, CHAI NAT PROVINCE

Phattaramon Klaasa — 2026-09-23

This research aimed to: 1) Study the cultural capital of Khung Samphao community, Chainat Province, as a foundation for community-led cultural market development; 2) Examine the market development process through the participatory of local networks partners; and 3) Assess the economic outcomes and social value generated from the development of the Khung Samphao Cultural Market. The study employed a participatory action research design. Key informants were purposively selected from individuals involved in cultural capital and cultural market development in the area, including local wisdom holders, shrine caretakers and community leaders, cultural entrepreneurs and market vendors, youth and community members, as well as government agencies and local network partners. Research instruments included semi-structured in-depth interviews, focus group discussion guidelines, and performance evaluation forms. Data were collected through field surveys, interviews, focus group discussions, joint meetings, seven cultural market events, and post-activity reflection sessions. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis, while quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Economic Return on Investment (EROI) analysis. The findings revealed that Khung Samphao community possesses cultural capital across four dimensions: Thai-Chinese history and identity, faith and sacred spaces, local food and traditional desserts, and handicrafts and performing arts. The market development process consisted of five stages: co-awareness and co-thinking, co-design, co-decision-making, co-implementation, and co-evaluation, with the Khung Samphao Shrine Market Committee serving as the central coordinating mechanism. Key outcomes demonstrated that the cultural market generated returns exceeding investment costs, with an average EROI of 2.97 times and a grassroots economic value increase of 336%. The market also brought cultural capital into public spaces, fostered community pride, facilitated intergenerational knowledge transfer, and strengthened network collaboration.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MULTI-CAMPUS UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT MODEL TOWARD EXCELLENCE: A CASE STUDY OF KASETSART UNIVERSITY

Somboon Silrungtham — 2026-09-23

This research employed a mixed-methods research design aimed to: 1) Develop a multi-campus university management model toward excellence for Kasetsart University using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and 2) Validate the structural validity of the model by examining the causal relationships among strategic leadership, multi-campus university management toward excellence, and the management outcomes. The operation was divided into a qualitative phase involving in-depth interviews with 7 experts and policy-level administrators, and a quantitative phase collecting data from a sample of 226 university administrators via stratified random sampling based on campuses and administrative positions. Data were analyzed using SEM. The findings revealed that the developed model functions as a quality system structural model, integrating three core components: strategic leadership, multi-campus university management toward excellence, and the management outcomes. The model demonstrated a high fit with the empirical data (χ² = 88.581, df = 70, p = .066, CFI = .995, RMSEA = .035). Strategic leadership exerted a significant direct positive effect on multi-campus university management toward excellence (β = .910) and an indirect effect on the management outcomes (β = .884) through the multi-campus university management toward excellence acting as a statistically significant mediator. The structural validity validation revealed that the model accounted for 94.30% of the variance in the management outcomes (R² = .943). This model effectively integrates the Kasetsart University Quality System (KUQS) with the national EdPEx framework, serving as a critical strategic policy framework to sustainably enhance the management of autonomous higher education institutions.

THE EFFECTS OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ON THE STREET FOOD CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR OF FOREIGN TOURISTS IN BANGKOK

Prapakorn Seetha — 2026-09-23

This research aimed to study cultural differences, demographic characteristics, and country of residence of international tourists in relation to their street food consumption behavior in Bangkok, and to examine the influence of food knowledge, past food experience, and attitude on that behavior. This was a quantitative study that collected data from 400 international tourists using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), One-Way ANOVA, and Binary Logistic Regression. The results showed that tourists had a high level of street food knowledge, experience, and attitude in every aspect, particularly in terms of the enjoyment and memorability of the experience. The One-Way ANOVA results indicated that only country of residence/ continent had a statistically significant influence on the frequency of street food consumption (Sig. = .045), whereas gender and age did not have a statistically significant influence. The Binary Logistic Regression results showed that the overall model of knowledge, experience, and attitude was not statistically significant in predicting behavior (Sig. = .129). When the individual variables were examined, attitude was found to have a statistically significant relationship in the opposite direction from what had been expected (B = -.521, Sig. = .030), reflecting a gap between attitude and actual behavior. The findings suggested that country of residence/culture should be the primary criterion for designing the marketing strategies of entrepreneurs and tourism agencies, rather than segmentation by gender or age, in order to strengthen tourists’ confidence in hygiene and reduce the gap between attitude and actual behavior. This research proposed a framework for future studies by adding behavioral intention as a mediating variable between attitude and actual behavior, and positioning country of residence/culture as a moderating context for the relationship.

CAUSAL ANTECEDENTS OF BUSINESS PERFORMANCE AMONG WELLNESS SPA BUSINESSES IN BANGKOK: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF SERVICE INNOVATION CAPABILITY

Preeyanan Prayoonsak — 2026-09-23

This study aimed to: 1) Examine the relationships among service entrepreneurship, government support, research and development, service innovation capability, and the business performance of wellness spa businesses in Bangkok; 2) Investigate the mediating role of service innovation capability; and 3) Explain the quantitative findings through qualitative inquiry. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 400 customers of wellness spa businesses in Bangkok and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with 30 entrepreneurs, managers, and industry experts. The results indicated that the proposed model demonstrated a good fit with the empirical data (χ²/df = 1.278, CFI = .992, TLI = .989, RMSEA = .026, RMR = .037) and explained 59.60% of the variance in business performance. Service entrepreneurship, government support, and research and development exerted positive effects on both business performance and service innovation capability. In addition, service innovation capability had a significant positive effect on business performance. However, the Bias-Corrected Bootstrapping procedure based on 5,000 resamples did not provide sufficient empirical evidence to support the mediating role of service innovation capability. The qualitative findings further revealed that strengthening service entrepreneurship, promoting research and development, enhancing service innovation, and integrating Thai identity into service design collectively contribute to improving business performance and the competitive capability of wellness spa businesses.

CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP MODEL OF COPING, POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ON DIGITAL INTELLIGENCE, AND DIGITAL LIFE ADAPTATION BEHAVIORS AMONG GRADE 10 STUDENTS

Kulrisa Phonchawee — 2026-09-23

The purpose of this correlational study was to investigate the goodness-of-fit of a causal relationship model of spiritual creativity, school social support, proactive coping, positive psychological characteristics, digital intelligence, and digital life adaptation behaviors among Grade 10 students. The sample consisted of 420 Grade 10 students, selected through proportional stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a 6-point Likert scale questionnaire, with reliability coefficients ranging from .80 to .92. Data analysis was performed using LISREL for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results indicated that the developed causal relationship model was an acceptable fit with the empirical data, with the following goodness-of-fit indices: chi-square = 498.28, df = 172, p < .001, chi-square/df = 2.897, RMSEA = .067, SRMR = .047, CFI = .99, and NFI = .98. Regarding the magnitude and direction of influences, the findings revealed that Spiritual Creativity had a significant direct effect on positive psychological characteristics (b = .45, p < .05) and exerted a significant indirect effect on digital life adaptation behaviors through proactive coping and positive psychological characteristics (b = .24, p < .05). School Social Support had a significant direct effect on digital intelligence (b = .79, p < .05) and positive psychological characteristics (b = .43, p < .05). While also a exerting a significant indirect effect on digital life adaptation behaviors via proactive coping, digital intelligence, and positive psychological characteristics (b = .54, p < .05). Additionally, Proactive Coping demonstrated a significant direct effect on positive psychological characteristics (b = .39, p < .05). Finally, Digital Intelligence and Positive Psychological Characteristics both exhibited a significant direct effect on digital life adaptation behaviors (b = .48, p < .05 and b = .38, p < .05, respectively).

AN ANALYSIS OF COMPONENTS IN ASSESSING TOURISM SITE POTENTIAL

Aswin Sangpikul — 2026-09-23

This research had the objectives to: 1) Analyze the number of components used to assess tourism site potential, 2) Categorize the components used to assess tourism site potential, and 3) Analyze the connection between the components used to assess tourism site potential and the established categories, classified by the specific types of tourism destinations. This study utilized a comprehensive documentary research methodology, which was conducted by analyzing 69 research articles from the two sources: the Google Scholar database and the Thailand Citation Index (TCI) database over the past 15 years from years 2010 to 2025. The collected data were analyzed using content analysis and descriptive statistics. The research findings revealed that: 1) The number of components commonly used to assess tourism site potential in Thailand ranged from 3 to 8 components. 2) The categorization of components used to assess tourism site potential, with the purpose to provide a clearer and more systematic scope, could be classified into 4 main categories. They are: 2.1) Resources within tourism destinations, 2.2) Readiness of facilities and services, 2.3) Management within the local communities, and 2.4) Environmental impacts. and 3) The analysis of the linkage between the elements and the established categories revealed that various tourist sites had utilized between two to four categories in evaluating their site potential. For instance, community-based and cultural sites commonly used three basic categories (i.e., resources, facilities, and community). Meanwhile, the natural and eco-tourism sites utilized all three aforementioned categories but also incorporated an assessment of environmental impact potential. The benefit of this research will help guide academics to clearly and more systematically understand the scope of tourist sites potential assessment in various contexts. In addition, this study will enable the practical application of knowledge in assessing site potential appropriately, while comprehensively aligning with the current tourism development trends.

INTERPRETATION MANAGEMENT, TOURIST PERCEPTION, AND LEARNING OUTCOMES IN BUDDHIST TOURISM: EVIDENCE FROM WAT PA SUTTHAWAT, SAKON NAKHON PROVINCE

Wisissak Udommala — 2026-09-23

This research had three objectives: 1) To evaluate the effectiveness of Buddhist Dhamma interpretation management based on the teachings of Phra Ajahn Mun Bhuridatto Thera at Wat Pa Sutthawas, Sakon Nakhon Province; 2) To study the perceptions and self-reported learning behaviors of Thai tourists; and 3) To examine the factors influencing such perceived effectiveness. This article reports exclusively on the first phase, which was cross-sectional quantitative research collecting data via questionnaires from 400 Thai tourists and analyzing them using descriptive statistics, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and hierarchical multiple regression. The results are threefold: first, the measurement model comprised three reliable components, namely human interpreter effectiveness (HI), content and media management quality (CM), and learning outcomes and loyalty (TO); second, tourists evaluated all components at a high level, with TO being the highest (M = 4.08), followed by CM (M = 3.90) and HI (M = 3.78), where the highest-scoring items were all affective and related to the application of Dhamma, reflecting contemplative learning rather than mere information reception; third, after controlling for demographic characteristics, the quality of content and media management of Phra Ajahn Mun’s Dhamma-comprising the exhibition of monastic requisites, interpretive signs, and a secluded atmosphere-had a greater effect on outcomes than human interpreters (β = .441 and β = .306), jointly explaining 41.2% of the variance, whereas demographic characteristics played a negligible role. The findings indicate that experience quality is manageable; therefore, it is suggested to develop new media, design learning trails, install QR-code signs, and create a sacred atmosphere as components of the interpretation.

LESSONS FROM THE AREA-BASED ACADEMIC SERVICE DEVELOPER PROGRAM AT CHIANG RAI RAJABHAT UNIVERSITY: TRANSFORMING ACADEMIC ROLES TOWARDS COMMUNITY CO-CREATION IN BAN DU SUB-DISTRICT, MUEANG DISTRICT, CHIANG RAI PROVINCE

Jamaree Prasunin — 2026-09-23

The article aimed to 1) Develop the area-based management competencies of faculty members and personnel at Chiang Rai Rajabhat University and 2) To evaluate the behavioral achievement in applying these skills through a pilot project in Ban Du Subdistrict, Mueang District, Chiang Rai Province. An action research methodology conducted among a total of 60 key informants. The research instruments comprised rubrics assessment for evaluating the participants' area-based management competencies across four key domains: 1) Area and social capital analysis, 2) Collaborative integration, 3) Innovation design and project proposal writing, and 4) Awareness of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets. Additionally, a satisfaction survey regarding the Area-Based Management (ABM) Academic Service Practitioner Development Course was administered. The research findings revealed that overall participant satisfaction was at the highest level (mean = 4.53 - 4.63), with particularly high satisfaction in the domain of knowledge sharing. Regarding competency enhancement, the majority of participants successfully elevated their skills from the basic level to the application level. A significant role transition was observed from lecturer to facilitator, capable of effectively utilizing community survey tools and active listening to synthesize problems collaboratively with the community. This co-creation yielded key outputs, including draft project proposals that integrated multi-sectoral collaboration-encompassing the public, academic, private, civil society, and environmental management support sectors to drive the foundational economy in alignment with the SDGs, local needs, and national funding sources. Furthermore, reflective practices led to actionable guidelines for participatory community innovation development aimed at boosting the foundational economy. The successful capacity-building of area-based academic service practitioners serves as a crucial mechanism in transforming higher education institutions, enabling them to design academic services that generate tangible and sustainable economic and social impacts.

DECODING TEACHINGS THROUGH NORA’S “KAM PHRAT” FROM A BUDDHIST PERSPECTIVE

Supat Narksen — 2026-09-23

This academic article aims: 1) To analyze and interpret Nora kham phrat in relation to the Three Characteristics (Tilakkhaṇa) from a Buddhist perspective; and 2) To examine the strategies for transmitting Buddhist teachings through the performing arts of Nora. The study employs a qualitative approach based on documentary research, relevant academic literature, and symbolic interpretation as an analytical framework. The findings reveal that Nora kham phrat serves as a cultural space for transmitting the Three Characteristics-impermanence (anicca), suffering (dukkha), and non-self (anattā)-through literary language, imagery, metaphors, symbols derived from nature, and the ways of life of Southern Thai communities. Significant kham phrat, including Kham Phrat Saeng Thong Sawan, Kham Phrat Yang Daeng, and Kham Phrat Sokang, reflect the impermanence of time and life, the deterioration of conditioned existence, and the relinquishment of attachment to the self. Abstract Buddhist teachings are transformed into experiences that enable audiences to perceive, contemplate, and recognize the changing nature of life through emotional and aesthetic engagement. The transmission of Buddhist teachings is expressed through an integrated symbolic system of Nora performance, including dance movements, poetic verses, music, and visual arts, which collectively function as a “medium of Dhamma.” This system connects Buddhist philosophy with ritual and community contexts. In the Nora Rong Khru ceremony, kham phrat serves as a means of communicating moral teachings alongside expressions of reverence for teachers and ancestors. This process enables the Three Characteristics to be experienced not merely as abstract doctrines but as shared social and spiritual experiences. The findings demonstrate that Nora kham phrat constitutes an important mechanism for transmitting Buddhist teachings through local cultural heritage. Nora is therefore more than a form of folk performance; it represents a system of knowledge and a spiritual medium that continuously contributes to shaping the worldview, moral values, and wisdom of Southern Thai communities.