Journal of Social Science Panyapat

Debts, International Reserves, and Financial Crises

Thana Sompornserm — 2026-03-31

This research aims to investigate the relationships among debts, international reserves, and financial crises in emerging markets and developing economies. The financial crisis can be divided into three different categories: currency crisis, debt crisis, and banking crisis. This research is a quantitative study using the logit model to examine the effects of debts and international reserves on the probability of financial crisis. This study uses panel data on 36 countries in emerging markets and developing economies from 1980 to 2018. The results indicate that both public and private debts in emerging markets and developing economies have increased significantly. In addition, many countries that had experienced the Asian financial crisis during 1997-1998 tried to build up their international reserves as liquid assets to protect their currency and reduce the severity of currency attacks. The findings of this study also suggest that the accumulation of central government debt is associated with an increased likelihood of a currency crisis, while the accumulation of international reserves can act as a buffer against currency crises and debt crises. Therefore, governments should maintain their debts and international reserves at optimal levels to reduce the risk of future financial crises.

Exchange Rate Regimes and Inflation Transmission: Evidence from Hong Kong and Thailand

Teerasak Sapwarobol — 2026-03-31

This study aims to (1) examine the long-run equilibrium relationship between U.S. inflation and Hong Kong inflation, (2) examine the long-run equilibrium relationship between U.S. inflation and Thai inflation, and (3) investigate the causal transmission of inflation from the United States to Hong Kong and Thailand. Monthly time-series data from January 2018 to December 2022 are employed, using the consumer price index, exchange rate, money supply, and international reserves as the key variables. The analytical methods consist of the Johansen Cointegration Test, the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), and the Granger Causality Test. The empirical results show that (1) U.S. and Hong Kong inflation share a long-run equilibrium relationship, consistent with Hong Kong’s fixed exchange-rate regime, which limits monetary policy autonomy; (2) U.S. and Thai inflation also exhibit a long-run equilibrium relationship, indicating persistent price linkages despite Thailand’s managed-float regime; and (3) the transmission of U.S. inflation to Hong Kong operates through money supply and international reserves, whereas the transmission to Thailand occurs through domestic inflation and the exchange rate. Overall, the findings confirm that the exchange-rate regime plays a crucial role in shaping both the magnitude and channels of international inflation transmission, with fixed-rate economies being more exposed to global inflation shocks than economies with more flexible arrangements.

Legal and Institutional Feasibility of Establishing the Eastern Coast River Basin Office as a Public Organization

Suriya Panyajitr — 2026-03-31

Thailand's transition toward basin-based water governance has advanced through the Water Resources Act and the establishment of river basin committees. However, the operational backbone at basin level, a dedicated basin office with adequate legal personality, authority, and administrative flexibility, remains underdeveloped. This article investigates (1) the legal and institutional problems and constraints, and (2) the feasibility of establishing the Eastern Coast River Basin Office as a public organization, while identifying legal reform proposals required to make such institutionalization workable. The study employs doctrinal legal research combined with policy-institutional analysis by reviewing relevant primary legislation, secondary legislation, and cross-sectoral legal regimes that intersect with basin management, including water law, special economic development law, town planning law, disaster prevention law, forestry and land law, and local government law. The findings indicate that the key barriers are not merely administrative but structural: fragmented mandates across agencies, limited delegation and enforceability of basin-level decisions, misalignment between basin plans and sectoral/territorial planning instruments, and the absence of a basin-level juristic entity capable of administering budgets, personnel, procurement, data integration, and regulatory tools such as permits and water charges. Feasibility analysis suggests two principal legal pathways: (i) amending the core water law to explicitly enable a basin office as a public organization and adjusting related provisions on regional administrative structures; and (ii) adopting an interim reorganization approach through secondary legislation while concurrently preparing a public organization instrument under the applicable public organization framework. This article contributes new knowledge by proposing an institutional design logic that bridges the gap between multiple laws but lacking institutional linkage through a basin office as a “bridging institution.” The article synthesizes findings into a problem–constraint–proposal matrix and four operational principles, such as Legal Personality First, Plan–Budget Linkage, Cross-sector Integration by Design, and Accountable Flexibility, to guide policymakers in establishing a basin office that is both flexible and accountable under public law.

The Effects of the 7E Inquiry-Based Learning Model Integrated with E-Books on Grade 9 Students’ Learning Achievement in Genetic Diseases at Nawaminthrachinuthit Satriwittaya Phuttamonthon School

Santi Boonkongchaat — 2026-03-31

This research aimed to (1) investigate the learning achievement of Grade 9 students who learned through the 7E inquiry-based learning model integrated with e-books on the topic of genetic diseases, and (2) examine the students’ satisfaction with the 7E inquiry-based learning model integrated with e-books. The study employed experimental research. The sample consisted of 40 Grade 9 students enrolled in the first semester of the 2025 academic year at Nawaminthrachinuthit Satriwittaya Phuttamonthon School. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. The research instruments included lesson plans, e-books, a learning achievement test, and a student satisfaction questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, and a dependent-samples t-test. The results revealed that: 1) the learning achievement on the topic of genetic diseases of Grade 9 students after learning through the 7E inquiry-based learning model integrated with e-books was significantly higher than before learning, at the .05 significance level. 2) the students' satisfaction with the 7E inquiry-based learning model integrated with e-books was at the highest level.

Determinants of Non-Performing Loans in Thai Commercial Banks

Kittipop Wiboonwipa — 2026-03-31

This article aimed to study 1) the factors affecting non-performing loans (NPLs) of commercial banks in Thailand in aggregate 2) the factors affecting non-performing loans of commercial banks in Thailand by ten business sectors. The study employs secondary quarterly time-series data from 2001 to 2024 and utilizes the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation method. The result of the study found that economic and social factors do not significantly influence the overall level of NPLs in Thailand’s commercial banking system. However, at the sectoral level, NPLs in the manufacturing, real estate activities, agriculture, forestry, and fishing, personal consumption, wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, and construction sectors are positively influenced by gross domestic product, exchange rates, unemployment rates, and business sentiment index. In contrast, NPLs in the personal consumption, manufacturing, service, and financial and insurance activities sectors are negatively affected by private investment, lending interest rates, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings suggest that government should consider sector-specific risk differences when formulating economic policies and support private investment during economic volatility. Commercial banks should implement appropriate credit and risk management policies while closely monitoring macroeconomic conditions. Business operators should adjust their strategies to mitigate the risk of non-performing loans.

The Development of English Learning Achievement by Using Skill Enhancement Exercises on the Topic “Our Food” for Grade 3 Students

Kanita Uttho — 2026-03-31

This study aimed to (1) develop and determine the efficiency of the “Our Food” skill enhancement exercises according to the criteria of 80/80 (E1/E2), (2) compare the students' English learning achievements before and after using the skill enhancement exercises on the topic “Our Food,” and (3) assess the students' satisfaction with the skill enhancement exercises. The sample consisted of 17 Grade 3 students from Banborku School who were enrolled in the 1/2025 academic year. They were selected through simple random sampling. The instruments for data collection included (1) the “Our Food” skill enhancement exercises, (2) lesson plans, (3) a learning achievement test, and (4) a student satisfaction questionnaire. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, percentage, and t-test. The results of the study indicated that: (1) the “Our Food” skill enhancement exercises demonstrated an efficiency (E1/E2) of 81.43/81.00, which exceeded the established 80/80 criterion; (2) students' post-intervention learning achievements were significantly higher than their pre-intervention achievements at the .05 level; and (3) the students' satisfaction with the skill enhancement exercises was at the highest level.

Development of basic Thai writing and reading skills using Thai language learning skills exercise’s Prathomsuksa students at Ban Khlong 24 School

Korakot Nimanong — 2026-03-31

This article aims to (1) study the basic Thai reading and writing skills of students at Ban Khlong 24 School by using skill exercises, (2) create effective Thai language skill exercises for students according to the 80/80 standard, and (3) compare the basic Thai language skills before and after using the Thai language skill exercises based on the learning-by-doing concept, organized into an Active Learning format with 5 steps as follows: 1) learning to ask questions, 2) learning to seek knowledge, 3) learning to create knowledge, 4) learning to communicate, and 5) learning by giving back to society and disseminating knowledge. The sample group used in this research consisted of 21 Prathomsuksa 1 students at Ban Khlong 24 School, selected through purposive sampling. The research instruments included Thai language learning activity plans, Thai language skill exercises, and achievement tests. The statistics used for data analysis were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and t-test. The results of the research found that (1) students who learned using the Thai language skill exercises had a higher average overall score of 92.54 percent, (2) the training in Thai language learning skills for students was effective (E1/E2) with values of 82.03/87.86, and (3) the students' basic Thai language skills after learning were significantly higher than before learning at the 0.05 level.

Factors Influencing the Implementation of the 50 Districts 50 Hospitals Policy: A Case Study of the Strategy and Planning Division

Wanravee Kongsatianrapap — 2026-03-31

This study examined 1) the implementation process of the “50 Districts, 50 Hospitals in Bangkok and the Metropolitan Area” policy within the Strategy and Planning Division, Department of Medical Services, in 2024, and 2) the key factors influencing its successful implementation. A qualitative research design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 15 purposively selected key informants from the Strategy and Planning Division, including executives, policy and planning analysts, and experienced personnel involved in policy formulation, implementation, and monitoring. In addition, relevant policy documents were reviewed. The interview and documentary data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis guided by a policy implementation framework. The findings reveal a structured and continuous implementation process comprising five stages: national policy formulation, operational planning, monitoring and evaluation, policy communication, and inter-organizational integration. Six major factors were found to affect implementation success: policy clarity, effective communication, organizational capacity, administrative mechanisms, good governance, and public support. The study highlights the critical role of the Strategy and Planning Division as a strategic intermediary that bridges central policy direction with local action. This role integrates formal authority, technical expertise, coordination functions, and discretionary capacity to manage cross-agency collaboration. The findings suggest that policy design should integrate clear operational guidelines, systematic communication strategies, strengthened inter-organizational mechanisms, and a shared data system to support evidence-based decision-making and sustainable service delivery.

Approaches to Developing the Potential for Self-Directed Chinese Language Learning among Students at Private Universities in Pathum Thani Province

Pallanit Ubonnuch — 2026-03-31

This article aimed to study (1) the problems in self-directed Chinese language learning among students at private universities in Pathum Thani Province, and (2) to propose approaches to enhancing the effectiveness of self-directed Chinese language learning. This study employed a qualitative research design. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed through content analysis. The results of the study found that: 1) Regarding problems in self-directed Chinese language learning, the skill with the greatest difficulty was speaking, followed by listening, writing, and reading, respectively. The main problems identified included a lack of continuous observation and appropriate role models, inconsistency in planning and regulating self-directed learning, and a lack of confidence in using Chinese, particularly in speaking and writing. The key recommendations included organizing group-based and peer-to-peer speaking and listening activities, developing weekly writing exercises with feedback, and utilizing online media and Chinese language clubs to build learners’ confidence, along with providing guidance on systematic planning and monitoring of self-directed learning. 2) The approaches to developing the potential for self-directed Chinese language learning consisted of: (1) developing observational learning, whereby students should be provided with appropriate and continuous models from various sources, enabling them to connect knowledge gained through observation with the use of Chinese language skills in real-life situations; (2) developing self-regulation, in which students should be taught to plan their weekly learning and consistently monitor their learning progress; and (3) enhancing perceived self-efficacy by starting with simple tasks that can be successfully accomplished to build confidence. Along with the systematic integration of all four language skills, this approach helps students develop their Chinese language abilities sustainably and enables them to use the language effectively in communication. The findings provide practical guidelines for designing learning activities and institutional support systems to enhance self-directed Chinese language learning among students in private higher education institutions.

The Relationship between Digital Technology, Service Innovation, and the use of Customer Data on The Success of Modern Retail Businesses

Natesiri Ruangariyapuk — 2026-03-31

This study aimed to examine (1) digital technology and modern retail service innovations in modern retail businesses. In addition, it aimed to investigate (2) customer experience, satisfaction, and loyalty among consumers using modern retail services. Moreover, the study focused on analyzing (3) the relationships between digital technology, modern retail service innovations, and the use of customer data on customer experience, satisfaction, and loyalty. Finally, the study aimed to propose (4) guidelines for applying digital technology and modern retail service innovations to enhance competitive advantage in modern retail businesses. This study employed a quantitative research methodology. The sample consisted of 409 consumers who use modern retail services, selected through accidental sampling. The research instrument was a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire with confirmed content validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and correlation analysis. The results revealed that (1) digital technology and modern retail service innovations were overall at a high level, with digital technology in retail stores receiving the highest mean score. In addition, it was found that (2) customer experience, satisfaction, and loyalty were also at a high level, with customer experience demonstrating the highest mean score. Moreover, the findings indicated that (3) digital technology, modern retail service innovations, and the use of customer data were positively correlated with customer experience, satisfaction, and loyalty at a high level, with statistical significance at the .01 level. Finally, the results suggested that (4) the integration of digital technology and modern retail service innovations, together with the effective use of customer data, can enhance customer experience, satisfaction, and loyalty, thereby contributing to a sustainable competitive advantage for modern retail businesses.

Efficiency of governance-based administration of the Huai Phung Subdistrict Municipality, Huai Phung District, Kalasin Province

Pipiddhanawadee Somkhane — 2026-03-31

This article aims to study 1) the efficiency of public administration based on the principles of Good Governance in Huai Phueng Subdistrict Municipality, Huai Phueng District, Kalasin Province, and 2) the recommendations for improving public administration efficiency based on the principles of Good Governance in the same municipality. This research employed a quantitative research methodology. The sample consisted of 99 personnel from Huai Phueng Subdistrict Municipality, selected through purposive sampling. The research instruments included a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire and open-ended questions. Data were analyzed using statistical methods, including percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The research findings revealed that: 1) The overall efficiency of public administration based on the principles of Good Governance was at a high level. When considering each dimension, the rankings from highest to lowest mean scores were: Accountability, Morality, Participation, Transparency, and Efficiency, respectively. 2) The findings regarding recommendations for enhancing public administration efficiency based on Good Governance revealed that: (1) The “Electronic Information Center” system should be developed to consistently and immediately disclose all essential information to the public; (2) The public consultation format should be transformed into a “Co-think, Co-plan, and Co-decide” approach for local development planning; (3) A rigorous “Merit System” should be implemented in local personnel management; (4) Local administrators and officials must recognize and strictly adhere to the fair enforcement of laws, regulations, and local ordinances (Rule of Law); and (5) A “One-Stop Service” grievance system should be developed with a clear and transparent follow-up process.

Quality of Work Life of Central Personnel at Department of Medical Sciences

Naungruathai Yodsri — 2026-03-31

The purpose of this study is (1) to examine the level of work-life quality for the central personnel of the Department of Medical Sciences, (2) to compare the quality of life at work for the central personnel of the Department of Medical Sciences, categorized by personal factors, and (3) to study the relationship between organizational atmospheric factors and the quality of life at work for the central personnel of the Department of Medical Sciences. In this quantitative research, the sample consists of 309 individuals from the Department of Medical Sciences. The sampling method employed is stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. The tools used for data collection include questionnaires. The statistics used for data analysis include frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson product-moment correlation. The study found that the central personnel of the Department of Medical Sciences have a high quality of work life. The central personnel with different personal factors, such as gender, marital status, position, and duration of work, show no differences in their quality of work life. However, differences in personal factors such as age, education level, and monthly income, as well as differences among agencies, resulted in variations in the quality of work life. The organizational atmosphere factors had a positive relationship with the quality of work life of the central staff of the Department of Medical Sciences at a high level, with a correlation coefficient (r) of .851.

Effects of Jigsaw Cooperative Learning with Educational Games on Grade 8 Students’ Achievement in Production of Goods and Services at Mae Sai Prasitsart School

Nantanit Inget — 2026-03-31

The objectives of this research were to: (1) compare students’ academic achievement on the topic of the Production of Goods and Services before and after instruction using cooperative learning management through the jigsaw technique with educational games; and (2) examine students’ satisfaction with this instructional approach. The sample consisted of 40 Grade 8 students from class 2/10 at Maesai Prasitthisart School during the first semester of the 2025 academic year, selected through cluster sampling. This study employed a pre-experimental research design. The research instruments included: 1) lesson plans, 2) educational games, 3) an academic achievement test, and 4) a student satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and the dependent t-test. The results revealed that: (1) Students’ academic achievement on the topic of the Production of Goods and Services after instruction was significantly higher than before instruction at the .05 level of statistical significance; and (2) Students’ overall satisfaction with the instructional approach was at the highest level.

Artificial Intelligence Literacy of School Administrators Affecting the Development of Learning Management in Educational Institutions under Nakhon Phanom Primary Educational Service Area Office 1

Ploipailin Naphothong — 2026-03-31

This research article aims to 1) study and compare the artificial intelligence (AI) literacy of school administrators, 2) study and compare the development of learning management in educational institutions, 3) examine the relationship between the AI literacy of school administrators and the development of learning management in educational institutions, and 4) investigate the predictive power of the AI literacy of school administrators on the development of learning management in educational institutions under Nakhon Phanom Primary Educational Service Area Office 1. The total sample consisted of 260 individuals, including 90 school administrators and 170 teachers. The sample size was determined using percentage criteria and stratified random sampling. The research instruments used were two 5-point Likert scale questionnaires: (1) a questionnaire on the AI literacy of school administrators, which had a consistency index of .60-1.00, item discrimination power ranging from .60 to .91, and an overall reliability of .96; (2) a questionnaire on the development of learning management in educational institutions, which had a consistency index of .60-1.00, item discrimination power ranging from .29 to .88, and an overall reliability of .97. The statistics used included mean, standard deviation, percentage, hypothesis testing using t-values, Pearson correlation analysis, one-way ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The research findings revealed that 1) the AI literacy of school administrators was at a high level, and comparisons based on the status and size of the educational institutions showed no significant differences overall or in specific aspects; 2) the development of learning management in educational institutions was also at a high level, with no significant differences overall or in specific aspects based on status and size; 3) there was a significant positive correlation between the AI literacy of school administrators and the development of learning management in educational institutions at the .01 level; 4) the AI literacy of school administrators that influenced the development of learning management in educational institutions included three variables: the evaluation of outcomes resulting from the use of AI (X4), the ethics of using AI (X2), and the application of AI (X1), which together predicted 96% of the variance.

Development of instructional model of 2S3A Model to enhance Analytical Thinking Ability and Mathematical Connection Ability of Primary students

Chidchanok Tagoporn — 2026-03-31

The purposes of this research were to: 1) develop and determine the effectiveness of the 2S3A instructional model in enhancing the Analytical Thinking Ability and Mathematical Connection Ability of primary students; 2) compare Analytical Thinking Ability before and after learning; and 3) compare Mathematical Connection Ability before and after learning. The samples used in this research consisted of 40 third-grade students from Phratamnaksuankularb Mahamongkhon School, Nakhonpathom Primary Educational Service Area District Office 2, during the first semester of the academic year 2025. The research instruments included the 2S3A instructional model developed by the researcher, a handbook for the model, lesson plans, an analytical thinking ability assessment test, and a mathematical connection ability assessment test. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and dependent t-test statistics. The research results indicated that: 1) the 2S3A instructional model consisted of five elements: principles, objectives, learning processes, evaluations, and learning factors. The learning process included five stages: Starting, Searching, Activity, Assessment, and Applying. The efficiency of the model was 84.60/82.75, which was higher than the required 80/80; 2) students’ scores in Analytical Thinking Ability after learning were significantly higher at the .05 level than before learning; and 3) students’ scores in Mathematical Connection Ability after learning were significantly higher at the .05 level than before learning.

Development of Academic Administration Models Affecting of School Effectiveness Under Nakhon Phanom Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

Kusuma Chotiwangso — 2026-03-31

This article aimed to: 1) identify the components of academic administration models of school effectiveness; 2) develop academic administration models of school effectiveness; and 3) evaluate the appropriateness of the proposed academic administration models of school effectiveness under the Nakhon Phanom Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. The research was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved model development with five experts selected through purposive sampling using an agree–disagree questionnaire, with an acceptance criterion of 80 percent or higher. Phase 2 examined the appropriateness of the developed model. The sample consisted of 348 school administrators and teachers selected through multi-stage random sampling. Data were collected using a five-point rating scale questionnaire with a content validity index (IOC) of 0.60–1.00, discrimination power of 0.52–0.93, and a reliability coefficient of 0.99. The statistics used in data analysis were frequency, percentage, and standard deviation. The results of the study found that: 1) the academic administration model of school effectiveness comprised four components: factors affecting academic administration, scope of academic administration, academic administration process, and school effectiveness; 2) the academic administration models of school effectiveness consisted of four main components, as follows: (1) Factors affecting academic administration consisted of four elements: administrators, teachers and personnel, general conditions and environment, and parents and community; (2) The scope of academic administration consisted of eight components: school curriculum development, educational measurement and evaluation, educational supervision, development of educational media, innovation and technology, research to develop educational quality, development of learning processes, and development of educational quality assurance systems; (3) The academic administration process consisted of four components: planning, implementation of the plan, monitoring and evaluation, and improvement; (4) School effectiveness consisted of four components: development of academic achievement, school transformation and development, development of positive student attitudes, and problem-solving in schools; and 3) The academic administration models of school effectiveness under Nakhon Phanom Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 were overall at a high level.

An Empirical Study on Cross-Cultural Teaching Management in Guangxi Universities Against the Backdrop of China-ASEAN Cooperation

Qin Hailun — 2026-03-31

Against the backdrop of deepening China–ASEAN educational cooperation, cross-cultural teaching management has become an important issue in the internationalization of higher education in border regions. Drawing on Cultural Integration and Synergy Theory, this study adopts a mixed-methods approach to explore the key influencing factors and operational mechanisms of cross-cultural teaching management in Guangxi universities. Data were collected from 238 teachers across three types of universities in Guangxi using stratified cluster sampling. The results indicate that the effectiveness of cross-cultural teaching management is influenced by six core dimensions, among which local context adaptation shows the strongest effect. The synergy mechanism plays a significant mediating role between the core variables and management effectiveness, while inclusive leadership positively moderates the relationship between local context adaptation and the synergy mechanism. In addition, significant perceptual differences exist among teacher groups with different backgrounds. Based on these findings, this study proposes optimization strategies such as localized teaching resource development and differentiated teacher training. The study provides empirical evidence for improving cross-cultural teaching management in Guangxi universities and offers insights for the internationalization of higher education in multi-ethnic border regions under the China–ASEAN cooperation framework.

The Effect of 5E Inquiry-Based Learning with Board Games on Learning Achievement in the Topic of Laws and Daily Life among Grade 8 Students

Onpapha Khosuk — 2026-03-31

The objectives of this research were: 1) to compare Grade 8 students’ learning achievement on the topic of Laws and Daily Life before and after instruction using the 5E inquiry-based learning approach integrated with board games; and 2) to examine Grade 8 students’ satisfaction with the 5E inquiry-based learning approach using board games. The sample consisted of 13 Grade 8 students from Prangmaka School in the first semester of the 2025 academic year, selected through cluster random sampling. The research instruments included (1) lesson plans, (2) a board game on “Laws and Daily Life,” (3) a learning achievement test, and (4) a student satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the mean and standard deviation. The research results showed that: 1) The post-test scores were significantly higher than the pre-test scores at the .05 level; and 2) The Grade 8 students were highly satisfied with the 5E inquiry-based learning approach using board games, with overall satisfaction at the highest level.

The Development of Learning Achievement and Analytical Thinking Skills on Economics Using Inquiry-Based Learning (5Es) With Graphic Organizers for Matthayomsuksa 5 Students at Teeparatpittaya School

Teerarat Khotphan — 2026-03-31

The objectives of this research article were to: 1) develop a learning management plan using the 5Es inquiry-based learning model combined with graphic organizer techniques in the economics subject to meet the 80/80 efficiency criterion; 2) compare the learning achievement of students taught with the 5Es inquiry-based learning model combined with graphic organizer techniques versus those taught using conventional methods; 3) compare analytical thinking skills between students taught using the 5Es model combined with graphic organizers and those taught with traditional methods; and 4) study the satisfaction of students learning through the 5Es model combined with graphic organizer techniques in the economics subject. The population used in this research consisted of 280 Mathayom Suksa 5 (Grade 11) students from 7 classrooms. The sample group, selected through cluster random sampling using classrooms as sampling units, included 80 students from two classrooms. The research tools included: (1) 10 lesson plans using the 5Es inquiry-based learning model combined with graphic organizer techniques; (2) a 40-item multiple-choice learning achievement test; (3) a 40-item multiple-choice analytical thinking skills test; and (4) A 20-item student satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using percentage, and standard deviation. The findings were as follows: 1) The learning management plan using the 5Es model combined with graphic organizer techniques achieved an effectiveness score of E1 = 82.05 and E2 = 90.06, meeting the 80/80 criterion. 2) Students in the experimental group (n = 40), who were taught using the 5Es model combined with graphic organizers, had a higher average achievement score (mean = 22.05) than those in the control group (mean = 18.33). 3) In terms of analytical thinking skills, the experimental group (mean = 28.55) outperformed the control group (mean = 25.98). 4) Overall, student satisfaction with the 5Es inquiry-based learning model combined with graphic organizer techniques was at a high level.

An Investigation of Barriers and Strategies in English-Speaking Skills for Buddhist Monks during Chatting Activities with Foreigners

Vixay Chittaphone — 2026-03-31

This study investigated (1) English-speaking barriers experienced by Thai Buddhist monks when communicating with foreigners during Monk Chat activities about Buddhism and (2) strategies used to overcome these barriers. Participants were 30 Buddhist monks from Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University (MCU), Chiang Mai Campus, Thailand, purposively selected based on active participation in the Monk Chat Program. Data were collected using two 5-point Likert-scale questionnaires (barriers and strategies) and semi-structured interviews with 10 volunteer monks. A convergent mixed-methods design was employed, integrating descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, and percentages) with thematic analysis. Results showed that intercultural communication barriers occurred at a moderate level. The most salient barriers were understanding slang/idioms and language proficiency. Monks reported difficulties with fluency, comprehending diverse accents, translating Buddhist terminology, and responding spontaneously. External constraints included limited opportunities for practice and challenges related to foreigners’ speech patterns. Regarding coping strategies, monks reported frequent overall strategy use. Social skills were used most often, particularly active listening and showing cultural respect, followed by personal skills, non-verbal strategies, and verbal strategies such as approximation, paraphrasing, and clarification requests. Peer support and technology use also emerged as supplementary strategies. Overall, the findings indicate that monks manage linguistic limitations through interpersonal sensitivity and strategic resourcefulness in authentic intercultural exchanges.

Enhancing Second-Year Vocational Students’ Collaborative Skills through Team-Based Learning Combined with Gamification

Xiaodan Tang — 2026-03-31

This study aimed to: 1) compare the collaborative skills of second-year vocational students before and after learning management using the traditional teaching method; 2) compare the collaborative skills of second-year vocational students before and after learning management using team-based learning collaboration combined with gamification; and 3) compare the collaborative skills of second-year vocational students between learning management using team-based learning collaboration combined with gamification and the traditional teaching method. The sample consisted of 80 second-year vocational students from 2 classrooms at a college in China, selected through cluster random sampling. The instruments for data collection included lesson plans for the traditional teaching method, lesson plans for team-based learning collaboration combined with gamification, and an assessment of collaborative skills. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, independent-samples t-test, and dependent-samples t-test, along with descriptive statistics and content analysis. The results of the study indicated that: 1) the collaborative skills of second-year vocational students after learning management using the traditional teaching method were significantly higher than those before learning at the statistical significance level of .05; 2) the collaborative skills of second-year vocational students after learning management using team-based learning collaboration combined with gamification were significantly higher than those before learning at the statistical significance level of .05; and 3) the collaborative skills of second-year vocational students after learning management using team-based learning collaboration combined with gamification were significantly higher than those after learning management using the traditional teaching method at the statistical significance level of .05.

Development of Mae Bot Yai Thai Classical Dance Skills of First-Year Undergraduate Students Using the Jigsaw Cooperative Learning Technique Combined with Simpson’s Psychomotor Skill Instruction Model

Kasini Ponan — 2026-03-31

This research aimed to: 1) compare the learning achievement in knowledge of Mae Bot Yai Thai classical dance among first-year undergraduate students before and after learning through the Jigsaw cooperative learning technique combined with Simpson’s psychomotor skill instruction model; and 2) compare the learning achievement in practical skills of Mae Bot Yai Thai classical dance among first-year undergraduate students before and after learning through the Jigsaw cooperative learning technique combined with Simpson’s psychomotor skill instruction model. This study employed an experimental research design. The research instruments consisted of: (1) four learning management plans, (2) a multiple-choice test with four options totaling 20 items, and (3) a practical skill assessment rubric. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and the dependent samples t-test. The results revealed that: 1) the students’ learning achievement in knowledge of Mae Bot Yai Thai classical dance after learning through the Jigsaw cooperative learning technique combined with Simpson’s psychomotor skill instruction model was significantly higher than before the experiment at the .05 level; and 2) the students’ practical skill performance in Mae Bot Yai Thai classical dance after the experiment was significantly higher than before the experiment at the .05 level.

Assessing the Economic Role and Competitiveness of Thailand’s Telecommunications Industry

Mana Luksamee-Arunothai — 2026-03-31

This article aims to (1) assess the economic role of Thailand’s telecommunications industry through the Thailand Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for 2021, updated to reflect the overall economic structure in 2024, and (2) evaluate and compare the competitiveness of Thailand’s telecommunications industry with eight Asian economies, namely Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, China, Japan, and South Korea. This study adopts a mixed-methods approach. The quantitative analysis employs a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), while the qualitative analysis utilizes a scoring-based prioritization technique to assess competitiveness across various dimensions. The results of the study indicate that: (1) In Thailand’s telecommunications industry, the construction of buildings and communication systems sector recorded output, value-added, and income multipliers of 3.83, 1.39, and 1.27, respectively. Meanwhile, the postal, telegraph, telephone, and communication services sector recorded corresponding multipliers of 3.84, 1.52, and 1.36, respectively. The postal, telegraph, telephone, and communication services sector demonstrates slightly higher multiplier effects in all categories due to its stronger intersectoral linkages, particularly forward linkages, while the construction sector relies heavily on imported intermediate inputs. (2) Overall, the telecommunications industry represents a competitive strength for Thailand, with 6 out of 7 competitiveness dimensions identified as strengths: ICT usage, digital divide reduction, cybersecurity, B2C e-commerce, e-government, and digital skills. The remaining dimension—access to services—emerges as a weakness, particularly concerning fixed-line subscriptions and international bandwidth capacity.

Enhancing Household Income through the Cultivation of Coprinopsis cinerea (Hed-cone-noi) Mushroom with Appropriate Technology to Promote the Grassroots Economy: the Case Study of Nong Faek Subdistrict, Saraphi District, Chiang Mai Province

Wutthipong Chuatrakul — 2026-03-31

This study aimed to strengthen the local community economy by enhancing the net household income of Coprinopsis cinerea (Hed-cone-noi) mushroom cultivators in Nong Faek Subdistrict, Saraphi District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. A mixed methods research design was employed, integrating Participatory Action Research (PAR) to promote experiential learning, community engagement, and capacity building among 75 target households. Quantitative data were collected using pre- and post-intervention assessments measuring participants’ knowledge and understanding of income generation through Hed-cone-noi cultivation, along with performance-based evaluations of operational skills related to the appropriate technology for controlling temperature and humidity. Data analysis primarily utilized descriptive statistics, including mean values and percentage distributions. The findings revealed that: 1) the target households demonstrated a significant improvement in knowledge, understanding, and collaborative capacity following the intervention (p < 0.05), with mean scores increasing from 3.6 to 4.7, reflecting enhanced capacity to effectively operate the technological system; 2) although households gained a solid understanding of cultivation principles and key factors affecting production efficiency, they continued to require expert guidance in certain contexts. In terms of operational skills and system adjustments, households remained dependent on expert support and were unable to independently link production outputs with system performance. Additionally, maintenance and troubleshooting skills were limited, particularly for advanced system management; and 3) the average net income of participating households showed a substantial increase, with monthly net income ranging from 6,148 to 12,650 Thai Baht, and an average increase of 6,870 Baht per household. These findings underscore the pivotal role of appropriate technology integration and participatory learning processes in improving agro-based livelihoods. The study provides empirical evidence that combining PAR with context-specific technological interventions can strengthen agro-based household economic resilience and contribute to sustainable community-based development in local farming communities in Thailand.

Developed Learning Management through Task-Based Learning Combined with Guided Writing to Enhance Career Planning Skills for Second-Year Vocational Students

Xin Ning — 2026-03-31

This research aimed to: 1) compare the career planning skills of second-year vocational students before and after learning through traditional teaching methods; 2) compare the career planning skills of students before and after learning through task-based learning combined with guided writing; and 3) compare the career planning skills of students between traditional teaching methods and task-based learning combined with guided writing. The study employed a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design. The sample consisted of 80 second-year vocational students from the Faculty of Education at a Chinese college, selected using cluster random sampling and assigned to two groups. The instruments included: 1) a traditional learning management plan, 2) a learning management plan based on task-based learning combined with guided writing, and 3) a career planning skills assessment. The data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, and t-tests. The results indicated that: 1) the career planning skills of the students after learning through traditional teaching methods were significantly higher than before learning (p < .05), with a large effect size (d = 2.88); 2) the career planning skills of the students after learning through task-based learning combined with guided writing were significantly higher than before learning (p < .05), with a large effect size (d = 4.20); and 3) the career planning skills of the students after learning through task-based learning combined with guided writing were significantly higher than those of students who learned through traditional teaching methods (p < .05), with a large effect size (d = 0.88).

The Development of English Speaking Skills of Secondary School Students Through Think- Pair-Share Technique

Kunthida Roekurai — 2026-03-31

This study aimed to: (1) examine the effectiveness of the Think–Pair–Share (TPS) instructional technique in enhancing English speaking skills and (2) investigate students’ perceptions toward its implementation in the classroom. The participants were 38 lower secondary school students enrolled in an English course. A pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was employed. The research instruments included an English speaking test assessing five components—fluency, vocabulary use, grammatical accuracy, pronunciation, and content relevance—TPS-based lesson plans, and a student perception questionnaire. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and a paired-samples t-test. The findings revealed that students’ English speaking performance after the TPS intervention was significantly higher than before the intervention (t = 18.92, p < .05). The results also indicated improvement across multiple dimensions of speaking ability, suggesting that the structured stages of TPS supported both linguistic development and communicative performance. In addition, students reported very high levels of positive perceptions toward the TPS technique, particularly in terms of classroom participation, confidence in speaking English, and attitudes toward learning. Overall, the findings suggest that TPS provides learners with structured opportunities for idea organization, peer interaction, and gradual participation, which contribute to a supportive learning environment for speaking practice. The study highlights the effectiveness of TPS as a pedagogical approach for enhancing English speaking skills and fostering positive learner perceptions in the EFL classroom. Pedagogical implications and recommendations for future research are also discussed.

Guidelines for Applying the Middle Path Principle to Quantum Strategic Management of Leading Buddhist Schools under the Office of Secondary Education Service Area Office Bangkok 1

Bunkasin Rutchado — 2026-03-31

The purposes of this research were: 1) Study the application of the Middle Path (Majjhima patipada) in school administration; 2) Examine quantum strategic management within leading Buddhist-oriented schools; and 3) Synthesize guidelines for integrating the Middle Path into quantum strategic management for school administrators under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office Bangkok 1. This study employed a qualitative research methodology. Primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews with purposively selected administrators from five school “Leading Buddhist-Oriented Schools.” The research instruments included document analysis summaries and semi-structured interview guides. Data were analyzed using content analysis and presented through descriptive analysis. The research findings revealed that: 1) Regarding the application of the Middle Path, administrators prioritize management based on the foundation of “moderation and balance” by integrating the Noble Eightfold Path into four key dimensions: balancing organizational goals with personnel well-being, implementing innovation under the principle of Right Livelihood, balancing academic excellence with moral development, and employing Right View as a compass for organizational transformation. 2) In terms of quantum strategic management, administrators focus on managing under conditions of uncertainty by viewing the school as an interconnected ecosystem. This approach emphasizes organizational agility and the creation of synergy through the “Home-Temple-School” (Bovorn) network, driven by mindfulness and wisdom rather than quantitative metrics. 3) The synthesized guidelines resulted in the “Four Pillars of Modern Buddhist-Quantum School Administration Model,” which consists of: (1) Middle Path Strategy, creating a strategic balance between academic outcomes and organizational welfare; (2) Right Harmonization, establishing flexible collaborative networks and participatory decision-making; (3) Mindfulness Innovation, utilizing modern technology without compromising interpersonal relationships or morality; and (4) Holistic Quality, measuring success through spiritual, academic, and social dimensions to ensure organizational sustainability in the digital age.

The Development of an Experiential Learning Model with Reflective Practice for Enhancing the Teaching Professional Spirit of Pre-Service Teachers in Private Universities

Chollada Deewan — 2026-03-31

This study aimed to: 1) develop an experiential learning model integrated with reflective thinking to enhance the teacher spirit of pre-service teachers in private universities; 2) examine the effects of the experiential learning model integrated with reflective thinking on the teacher spirit of pre-service teachers before and after its implementation; and 3) investigate students’ satisfaction with the developed learning model. The participants were 54 students enrolled in the Graduate Diploma Program in Teaching Profession at the Faculty of Education, Panyapiwat Institute of Management. The learning model was evaluated by five experts, including both internal and external instructors. The research instruments consisted of a self-assessment questionnaire on teacher spirit administered before and after the intervention, an evaluation form assessing the appropriateness of the learning model, and a student satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, and content analysis. The results indicated that: 1) the development of an experiential learning model integrated with reflective practice to enhance teacher professional identity among pre-service teachers, comprising four stages—concrete experience, reflective observation and active response, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation with reflection—was overall at the highest level; 2) the assessment results of teacher spirit before and after the implementation of the experiential learning model integrated with reflective thinking showed a statistically significant difference at the .05 level; and 3) the overall satisfaction of pre-service teachers toward the experiential learning model integrated with reflective thinking for enhancing teacher spirit was at the highest level, particularly in terms of overall satisfaction (mean = 4.58, S.D. = 0.53), while satisfaction with the learning model aspect was at a high level (mean = 4.10, S.D. = 0.66).

From Expertise to Purpose: Institutional Legitimacy, Stakeholder Trust, and Long-Term Organizational Sustainability

Taisith Kruasom — 2026-03-31

This conceptual article develops a framework for explaining leadership driven by purpose rather than expertise to address contemporary organizational contexts characterized by complexity, uncertainty, and distributed knowledge across teams and networks rather than concentrated in any single individual. While many organizations continue to treat technical excellence as the primary basis of leadership legitimacy, the article argues that relying on expertise as the sole source of authority has important limitations when decisions must confront incomplete information, multiple and competing goals, and moral consequences for stakeholders. The article proposes understanding purpose as a meaning structure that guides the interpretation of situations, the prioritization of values, and the use of knowledge in ways that are consistent with the organization’s reason for existence. From an institutional perspective, the author distinguishes between leaders’ technical authority and their authority based on meaning or legitimacy and explains how purpose functions as a justificatory basis for the exercise of authority. The developed framework suggests that alignment between purpose and actual decision-making constitutes a key mechanism for accumulating stakeholder trust. Such trust, in turn, enhances organizational adaptability, strengthens resilience, and supports long-term sustainability under conditions in which expertise has become a widely accessible resource. Finally, the article advances conceptual propositions for future empirical testing and outlines theoretical and practical implications for the design of governance, the selection and development of leaders, and the management of stakeholder relationships in highly uncertain environments.

The Dynamics of Otherness and Constructing New Understandings of Isan Identity in Social Media

Preecha Butrat — 2026-03-31

This article investigates the dynamics of constructing and perceiving otherness in relation to Isan identity within contemporary Thai society, using Facebook as the primary site of analysis. The study aims to examine how Isan identity is represented, stigmatized, and contested in online spaces. Facebook has become a cultural arena where individuals continuously produce, share, and negotiate meanings of identity. Drawing upon the conceptual frameworks of otherness and cultural identity, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the findings reveal that Isan identity is predominantly represented through two major dimensions: (1) negative stigmatization, including economic stereotyping and dialect usage, and (2) positive affirmation, such as the presentation of mor lam performance culture, local cuisine, and pride in ancestral roots. Interactions on social media not only reflect regional tensions but also open up spaces for new understandings and the acceptance of cultural diversity within Thai society.