Dhammathas Academic Journal

Factors Influencing the Transition to Digital Government among Subdistrict and Village Leaders: A Systems Analysis

2025-12-04T14:42:58+07:00

This academic article aims to explain the mechanisms of factors influencing the transition to digital government among village headmen and subdistrict headmen by employing a systemic analysis framework to understand the dynamic relationships among factors at the local leadership level. The study is based on a synthesis of digital government, systemic transition, and transformational leadership theories, demonstrating that the transition to digital government is neither a linear process nor driven solely by technological adoption, but rather represents a structural transformation resulting from interactions among multiple levels of influencing factors. The findings propose a systemic transition framework conceptualized as a dynamic ecosystem, in which successful digital government transition depends on the balance among four core systems: digital leadership; technological infrastructure and systems; social systems, organizational culture, and human resource competencies; and policy frameworks, governance mechanisms, and community participation. These systems are interconnected through continuous learning and improvement mechanisms. This newly developed body of knowledge advances the understanding of digital government transition at the local level and provides a systematic conceptual foundation for both policy formulation and practical implementation.

Leadership, Organizational Management Policy, Management Innovation, Competitive Potential, and the Success of Clean Energy Business in Thailand

2025-05-22T16:02:08+07:00

This research aimed to: (1) examine the current conditions of leadership, organizational management policies, management innovation, competitive capability, and business success of clean energy enterprises in Thailand; (2) investigate the influence of leadership, organizational management policies, management innovation, and competitive capability on the success of clean energy businesses in Thailand; and (3) develop a model for enhancing the success of clean energy entrepreneurs in Thailand. The study employed a mixed-methods research design. In the quantitative phase, the population consisted of 3,784 clean energy entrepreneurs in Thailand, from which a sample of 300 respondents was selected. In the qualitative phase, 20 key informants were purposively selected, comprising clean energy entrepreneurs and experts in the clean energy business sector in Thailand. Research instruments included a questionnaire for quantitative data collection and a semi-structured interview guide for in-depth qualitative interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis.
The findings revealed that:
1. The overall conditions of leadership, organizational management policies, management innovation, competitive capability, and business success of clean energy enterprises in Thailand were at a high level, particularly in terms of leadership, organizational management policies, management innovation, and competitive capability.
2. The modified and validated structural equation model indicated that leadership, organizational management policies, and management innovation exerted statistically significant direct effects on the competitive capability of clean energy businesses at the .05 level.
3. The developed model for enhancing the success of clean energy entrepreneurs in Thailand, referred to as the LOMC Model, comprises four key components: (1) Leadership, (2) Organizational Management Policy, (3) Management Innovation, and (4) Competitive Capability. This model can serve as a practical guideline for enhancing the success and sustainability of clean energy entrepreneurs in Thailand.

Development of Prototype School Administration Model on Inclusive Learning of Efficient Promotion Network for Special Education in Digitized Era

2025-09-16T10:15:21+07:00

The purposes of this research were 1) to study the components, conditions, problems and guidelines for School Administration Model on Inclusive Learning of Efficient Promotion Network for Special Education in Digitized Era. 2) to Develop the Prototype School Administration Model on Inclusive Learning and 3) evaluate the inclusive school administration model. The research instruments were a questionnaire, workshop, connoisseurship, and public hearing. The data were analyzed using Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC), reliability, discrimination (r), mean ( ), standard deviation (S.D.), Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (r), Kaiser-Meyer-Okin Measures of sampling adequacy (KMO), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and content analysis. The samples consisted of 126 inclusive schools.
The results revealed that:
1. The components of the Prototype School Administration on Inclusive Learning of Efficient Promotion Network for Special Education in Digitized Era consists of 6 components; 1) Context 2) Cooperation Network 3) Budget 4) Effective Administration 5) Teacher and Academic personnel development and 6) Learning management process.
2. The management conditions of the Prototype School Administration on Inclusive Learning of Efficient Promotion Network for Special Education in Digitized Era The most practiced aspect was the adjusting buildings and locations to be more suitable, followed by the aspects of Effective Administration and the least practiced aspect was the aspects of Budget.
3. The components of the Prototype School Administration on Inclusive Learning of Efficient Promotion Network for Special Education in Digitized Era from the results of the examination by experts consists of 8 components; 1) Principles and concepts 2) Objectives 3) Input 4) Process 5) Product, 6) Result 7) Feedback and Success Criteria.
4. The evaluation of inclusive school administration model of efficient promotion network for Special Education Center in digital era found that the correction, the appropriateness, and the possibility were at the highest levels. The utility of the model was at the highest levels.

Development of a Production Model and Upgrading of Community Products Based on Cultural Capital in Tha Kasem Subdistrict, Mueang Sa Kaeo District, Sa Kaeo Province

2025-10-02T12:09:31+07:00

This study aimed to: (1) examine the production potential of community producers in Tha Kasem Subdistrict; (2) analyze the needs of product users; and (3) propose guidelines for developing production models and upgrading community products based on cultural capital in Tha Kasem Subdistrict, Mueang Sa Kaeo District, Sa Kaeo Province. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative methods to obtain comprehensive and in-depth data. In the quantitative phase, the population consisted of consumers or users of community products in Tha Kasem Subdistrict and nearby areas. A sample of 300 respondents was selected using accidental sampling. A questionnaire was used as the primary research instrument and comprised three sections: (1) general information of respondents, (2) opinions on products derived from cultural capital, and (3) needs and expectations regarding the development of community products. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including percentages, means, and standard deviations. In the qualitative phase, 18 key informants were purposively selected, including producers, entrepreneurs, local leaders, local sages, and representatives from relevant agencies. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions and analyzed using descriptive analysis through categorization and synthesis of key themes.
The findings revealed that:
1. In terms of production potential, most products were durable and functional; however, they lacked standardized pricing. Distribution was primarily limited to the local community or periodic markets, while customer communication relied mainly on face-to-face interactions or telephone calls. Most raw materials were sourced externally. Consumers expressed a preference for products that are refined, aesthetically pleasing, and easily accessible.
2. Regarding consumer needs, respondents preferred products that are of high quality, clean, and safe, with distinctive local identity, modern packaging, reasonable pricing, diverse distribution channels, and certified quality standards.
3. The proposed development guidelines include: (1) promoting knowledge and production skills alongside the conservation of local wisdom; (2) designing products and packaging that integrate cultural capital to enhance value; (3) developing marketing networks and building local product branding; and (4) promoting participatory management and collaboration with network partners to upgrade community products toward sustainability.

Development of a Growth Mindset and Problem-Based Learning Model to Enhance Public Speaking Skills of Undergraduate Students

2025-05-30T18:21:58+07:00

This research aims to 1) synthesize and evaluate the growth mindset and problem-based learning model to enhance public speaking skills of undergraduate students, and 2) evaluate the effectiveness of the developed learning model. This study used the purposive sampling method, and the sample group consisted of 160 first-year undergraduate students who registered for the Speaking and Presentation for Careers. The research instruments were 1) a growth mindset and problem-based learning model, 2) a public speaking skills assessment form, and 3) a semi-structured interview form. The statistics used were mean, standard deviation, t-test (dependent), and content analysis.
The research results are as follows:
1. The teaching and learning model consisted of 6 steps (6E Model). Step 1: Explore and Define; Step 2: Establishing Empowering Goals; Step 3: Enhancement Planning; Step 4: Effort to Learn; Step 5: Empower for Growth; Step 6: Evaluate and Present). The efficiency of the model was found to be at the highest level of appropriateness by experts ( = 4.93, S.D. = 0.10).
2. With regard to the effectiveness of the model, it was found that 1) the experimental group had a higher public speaking ability than the control group after they had been taught with the improved teaching model, and the difference was statistically significance at .05. 2) The students in the experimental group had a higher public speaking ability after they had been taught with the improved teaching model, with statistical significance at .05.

Song Creation to Promote Identity and Culture of Khok Hin Hae Subdistrict, Renu Nakhon District, Nakhon Phanom Province

2025-10-06T15:17:29+07:00

This research aimed to: 1) study the identity and cultural capital of Khok Hin Hae Subdistrict, 2) create songs to promote identity and culture, and 3) develop a music communication process to promote identity and culture. This qualitative research collected data from documents and fieldwork using in-depth interviews and observation. Key informants included 30 monks, community leaders, local scholars, academics, and members of the cultural council from 10 villages in Khok Hin Hae Subdistrict. The data obtained were analyzed and used to compose 20 songs reflecting the identity and culture of the subdistrict.
The results revealed that:
1. The identity and cultural capital of Khok Hin Hae Subdistrict comprise three main aspects: 1) Art, music, and handicrafts, such as Phu Thai dance, traditional weaving, and basketry; 2) Religion, beliefs, and traditions, which are expressed through rituals and merit-making festivals based on the twelve-month traditions (Heet Sib Song); and 3) Lifestyles, language, clothing, and food, which are well-preserved and reflect local uniqueness.
2. The song creation process consists of two stages: (1) Pre-production studying information from documents and collecting field data from the local community, revealing unique aspects of language, beliefs, traditions, music, attire, food, and lifestyle; (2) Production using the gathered data to compose a total of 20 songs, strictly adhering to traditional song composition structures, consisting of four stanzas with external, internal, and inter-stanza rhymes. The content of the songs reflects the community context and is applicable in real community activities. Music arrangements and recordings were performed by both professional and local singers.
3. In developing the music communication process, the songs were utilized in the community by designing accompanying dance movements that correspond to the songs. These were then applied in community activities such as religious events, festivals, and tourism. Costumes for the performances were selected to reflect the community’s identity, such as tie-dye fabric and the community’s representative colors blue and red. Additionally, music videos were produced and disseminated via Facebook and YouTube to promote local culture to a wider audience.

A Development of Teacher Competencies Model in the 21st Century Under Nakhon Si Thammarat Special Education Center

2025-03-31T11:09:19+07:00

The objectives of this research were: (1) to investigate the current conditions, desirable conditions, and needs concerning teacher competencies in the 21st century under the Nakhon Si Thammarat Special Education Center; (2) to develop a 21st-century teacher competency model; and (3) to validate the developed model. A multiphase mixed-methods design consisting of three phases was employed. In Phase 1, the current and desirable conditions and needs related to teacher competencies were examined among 115 school administrators and teachers under the Office of Special Education Administration, selected through purposive sampling. In Phase 2, the teacher competency model for the 21st century was constructed through connoisseurship seminars with experts. In Phase 3, the model was validated in terms of accuracy, appropriateness, feasibility, and usefulness by experts, and its practicality was evaluated by school administrators and teachers under the Office of Special Education Administration. Questionnaires and interview forms were used as research instruments. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, and arithmetic mean, while qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis and summarization.
The findings revealed that:
1. The current conditions of teacher competencies in the 21st century under the Nakhon Si Thammarat Special Education Center were at a high level overall, and the desirable conditions were also rated at a high level in all aspects.
2. The developed teacher competency model comprised three components: Part 1-model name, principles, and objectives; Part 2-methods and processes for developing teacher competencies; and Part 3-model evaluation and success factors in developing teacher competencies
3. The model was confirmed to be accurate, appropriate, feasible, and useful, with all items rated at the highest level overall, indicating that it can be practically implemented.

Intelligent Design Thinking with Generative Artificial Intelligence to Promote Digital Media Production Competencies for Pre-service Teacher

2025-11-19T11:39:31+07:00

This research aimed to: (1) synthesize an intelligent design thinking process integrated with generative artificial intelligence to enhance digital media production competencies among pre-service teachers; (2) develop instructional activities based on this intelligent design thinking process; (3) develop a learning system that supports the intelligent design thinking process; and (4) assess digital media production competencies in terms of learning achievement, skills, and attitudes. The sample group consisted of 29 second-year pre-service teachers majoring in Digital Technology for Education, Faculty of Education, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, selected through cluster sampling. Data analysis tools included mean, standard deviation, and t-test.
The results indicated thatซ the synthesized intelligent design thinking process was highly appropriate (𝑥̄ = 4.16, S.D. = 0.78). The overall learning components were also rated as highly appropriate (𝑥̄ = 4.18, S.D. = 0.77), as was the applicability of the process in real-world contexts (𝑥̄ = 4.40, S.D. = 0.82). The developed learning system was found to be highly suitable (𝑥̄ = 4.34, S.D. = 0.38), effectively supporting creative learning and enhancing digital media production skills. Post-instruction evaluation showed that students’ learning achievement scores were significantly higher than their pre-instruction scores at the .01 level of statistical significance, indicating the effectiveness of the instructional process in improving knowledge and skills. Students' digital media production performance was rated at a very high level (𝑥̄ = 4.48, S.D. = 0.72), with outputs demonstrating creativity and practical applicability. Additionally, students' attitudes toward the intelligent design thinking process integrated with generative AI were at the highest level of agreement (𝑥̄ = 4.79, S.D. = 0.10), reflecting a positive attitude and strong acceptance of the use of AI technologies in enhancing learning and competency development.

The Development of Thai Tone Pronunciation Skills Using Tone Exercises with Phonics Techniques for Grade 3 Students

2025-10-11T16:51:57+07:00

The purposes of this research were: 1) Assess a tone-shifting exercise set using phonics for Grade 3 students, aiming for an efficiency score of 80/80. 2) Compare tone-shifting achievement before and after using this exercise set. The target group consisted of 12 Grade 3 students with tone-shifting difficulties in Thai at Tha Khlong 1 Municipality School, selected through purposive sampling. Research tools were: 1) three phonics lesson plans over 4 hours; 2) tone-shifting exercise sets; and 3) pre- and post-tests with 10 multiple-choice questions (max score: 10).
Research results revealed:
1. The results of evaluating the effectiveness of the tone-shifting exercise set using phonics techniques. For Grade 3 students, the process efficiency (E₁) was 91.1, and the process efficiency (E₂) was 92.5. This indicates that the learning activities on reading with tone variation using the phonics skill training kit had process efficiency and outcome efficiency (E₁/E₂) exceeding the specified 80/80 criterion.
2. The pre-test achievement in tone variation using the phonics skill training kit for Grade 3 students had a mean score of 6.00 and a standard deviation of 1.34. In contrast, the post-test scores after using the phonics skill training kit had a mean score of 9.25 and a standard deviation of 0.75. Comparing the learning achievement between the pre-test and post-test using a t-test for dependent samples, the post-test scores were significantly higher than the pre-test scores at a statistical significance level of .05.

Buddhist Integrated Multilateral Learning Management of Thai Teachers in a New Way to Solve the Problem of Language Degradation of the Generation New in the Northeast of Thailand

2025-05-16T16:13:17+07:00

This research aimed to: (1) study and analyze problems related to Buddhist-integrated multi-sectoral learning management employed by Thai language teachers in the new educational paradigm to address language deterioration among the younger generation; (2) develop a Buddhist-integrated multi-sectoral learning management model for Thai language teachers in the new paradigm to resolve such language deterioration; and (3) disseminate approaches and models of Buddhist-integrated multi-sectoral learning management for Thai language teachers in the new paradigm to address language deterioration among the younger generation. This study employed a mixed-methods research design. The sample group consisted of 400 participants, including administrators, pupils, undergraduate and graduate students, and personnel from educational institutions in the central northeastern region of Thailand. In addition, five key informants were selected. The research instruments included a questionnaire with an overall reliability coefficient of 0.95 and semi-structured interviews. The statistical methods used for data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and content analysis.
The research findings were as follows:
1. Regarding the current state of language deterioration among adolescents, the findings revealed that such problems primarily stemmed from online media exposure, peer imitation, and a lack of positive language role models. These factors contributed to increasing inaccuracies in communication and writing. Interviewees indicated that the Buddhist principles of Su-Ji-Pu-Li and Right Speech (Sammā Vācā) could enhance mindfulness, responsibility, and appropriate language use by emphasizing attentive listening, thoughtful thinking, proper speaking, and accurate communication.
2. The Buddhist-integrated multi-sectoral learning management model for Thai language teachers in the new paradigm comprised listening, writing, language usage, and reading components. The model was grounded in the principles of mindfulness and clear comprehension (Sati-Sampajañña), wise reflection (Yoniso Manasikāra), Right Speech (Sammā Vācā), and the Four Foundations of Mindfulness (Satipaṭṭhāna). These principles were integrated with Su-Ji-Pu-Li to promote correct listening, thinking, questioning, and writing skills. As a result, learners developed comprehensive Thai language skills, reduced language deterioration, and achieved sustainable learning outcomes.
3. Regarding the dissemination of knowledge related to the Buddhist-integrated multi-sectoral learning management model, the findings showed that training sessions and instructional manuals effectively enhanced teachers’ understanding of the model. Evaluation results indicated that the model was appropriate, feasible, and effective, with strong potential for broader implementation as a best-practice model.

Strategies for Managing Buddhist Oriented Schools to Enhance Social Responsibility

2025-10-20T16:30:17+07:00

This study aimed to: 1) examine the administration of Buddhist-oriented schools in promoting social responsibility, 2) develop administrative strategies for Buddhist-oriented schools to enhance social responsibility, and 3) evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies. A multi-phase mixed-methods research design was employed. The qualitative component involved 18 purposively selected key informants, while the quantitative component included 361 stratified random samples based on school size. Research instruments consisted of interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussion records, and strategy evaluation forms. The questionnaire yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.98. Data were analyzed using mean, percentage, standard deviation, the modified Priority Needs Index (PNI _modified), matrix analysis, and descriptive analysis.
The findings revealed that:
1. The administration of Buddhist-oriented schools in fostering social responsibility encompasses nine key aspects: (1) emphasizing activities aligned with students’ way of life, (2) establishing clear goals and action plans, (3) integrating social responsibility into the learning process, (4) promoting self-development in a conducive learning environment, (5) organizing activities that foster humility, (6) continuously engaging students through observation, presence, and listening, (7) providing academic training, (8) enhancing operational systems based on the Four Iddhipada (Bases of Success), and (9) disseminating outcomes of school administration practices.
2. The development of administrative strategies resulted in a draft framework comprising four main strategies: (1) responsibility for oneself, (2) responsibility for family, (3) responsibility for society, and (4) responsibility for the educational institution, along with 15 sub-strategies.
3. The evaluation of these strategies was based on five standards: utility, feasibility, propriety, accuracy, and accountability. Overall, the evaluation indicated that all five standards were met at the highest level.

Creating the Positive Attitude Changes for Students with Buddhist Principles

2025-11-10T10:48:23+07:00

The research aimed to 1) study the attitudes of students 2) compare the attitudes of students 3) present guidelines for creating positive attitude changes with Buddhist principles for students and 4) create positive attitude changes with Buddhist principles for students. This research was a quantitative research. The sample group was students in Mathayom 1-3. The research instruments were questionnaire and opinion evaluation form. Statistics for data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, hypothesis testing using t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and pairwise differences testing using Scheffe's method. Descriptive analysis was also used.
The research results found that:
1. Attitudes of students at Chumchonbantungpho School. The overall is at a high level ( = 3.85, S.D. = 0.20). The highest opinion on each aspect is the aspect of self-development in terms of aesthetics ( = 4.18, S.D. = 0.22). The lowest opinion on the aspect of morality in society ( = 3.68, S.D. = 0.27).
2. The results of the comparison of the attitudes of students at Chumchonbantungpho School, the overall and each aspect have no different opinions. When classified by age, the overall picture has a statistically significant difference at the 0.05 level.
3. Guidelines for creating positive attitude changes with Buddhist principles. School administrators should screen or survey the problems of students at each grade level to identify the important problems and use them as guidelines for network meetings of administrators, parents, experts, and psychologists to organize problem-solving activities for real development.
4. Creating positive attitude changes with Buddhist principles for students at Chumchonbantungpho School, the overall is at a high level ( = 4.21, S.D. = 0.22). The highest opinion on each aspect is the aspect of self-development in terms of aesthetics ( = 4.34, S.D. = 0.34). The aspect with the lowest opinion was the aspect of social morality ( = 4.09, S.D. = 0.39).

Validation of the Causal Model of Motivational Process Based On the Expectancy-Value Theory Affecting Innovative Thinking Competencies for Entrepreneurship in Undergraduate Students

2025-10-20T17:03:18+07:00

This study aimed to examine the validity of the causal relationship model, including effects of variables based on the Expectancy-Value Theory that influence innovative thinking competencies for entrepreneurship among undergraduate students. The causal variables comprised perceived university support, innovative self-concept, expectancy, and value. The sample consisted of 738 undergraduate students in Bangkok. The participants were sampled using multi-stage random sampling. Self-report questionnaires using a five-point rating scale were employed to collect data, with reliability values ranging from .94 to .96. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling.
The results revealed that: the developed model demonstrated a good fit with the empirical data (Chi-square = 87.789, df = 69, p = 0.063, Chi-square/df = 1.272, GFI = 0.983, AGFI = 0.975, RMSEA = 0.019). This indicates that the Expectancy–Value Theory appropriately explains the underlying mechanisms of innovative thinking competence. Innovative self-concept has the strongest influence on innovative thinking competencies, both directly and indirectly through expectancy and value. Perceived university support had no statistically significant direct effect on innovative thinking competencies, but it has an indirect effect through innovative self-concept, expectancy, and value. Collectively, the variables in the model explained 76% of the variance in innovative thinking competencies.
This study identifies key factors that support innovative thinking competencies, which can be beneficial for designing interventions to foster entrepreneurial innovative thinking competencies among undergraduate students. However, its cross-sectional design limits causal inference. Future studies should adopt longitudinal designs to provide stronger evidence for the causal relationships among variables.

A Model of Quality School Management Providing Basic Education Based on the Four Iddhipāda Principles in Schools Under Inspectorate Region 10

2025-03-10T11:48:21+07:00

The purposes of this research were to: 1) study the current situation, the desired state, and the priority needs in quality school management providing basic education, 2) develop a management model based on the Four Iddhipāda Principles, and 3) evaluate the proposed management model for quality schools in Inspectorate Region 10. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and model evaluation forms. The sample consists of 395 participants. The reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s Alpha) for the questionnaire were 0.794 for the current situation and 0.814 for the desired state. Statistics used mean and standard deviation, and content analysis.
The results revealed that:
1. The overall current and desired state mean of quality school management in schools under Inspectorate Region 10 was found to be at a high level. To prioritize areas requiring urgent development, the PNI modified values were considered, ranking the key areas as follows: 1) development of educational infrastructure, 2) development of teachers and educational personnel, 3) promotion of participatory development, 4) development of digital technology and innovation, and 5) enhancement of student quality.
2. The model of quality school management providing basic education based on the Four Iddhipāda Principles in schools under Inspectorate Region 10 should consist of: 1) the model’s name, 2) the objectives of the model, 3) the principles and conceptual framework of the model, 4) integrated content based on the Four Iddhipāda Principles, and 5) the expected outcomes.
3. The evaluation of the model of quality school management providing basic education based on the Four Iddhipāda Principles in schools under Inspectorate Region 10 found that the model was highly Appropriateness, Feasibility, and Utility, with an overall mean rating at the highest level.

The Digital Leadership Model of Private School Administrators Based on the 4 Principles of Brahmavihara in the 12th Inspection Region

2025-09-16T10:35:10+07:00

This research aimed to 1) study the current situation, desired situation, and necessity of digital leadership of private school administrators under the 12th inspection area, 2) create a digital leadership model of private school administrators based on the Four Divine Abodes, 3) trial the digital leadership model of private school administrators based on the Four Divine Abodes under the 12th inspection area, and 4) assess the satisfaction The study employed mixed approaches. Questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, format assessment forms, and satisfaction assessment forms, as well as focus group discussions, were used as study tools. Means, standard deviations, and needs scores were employed in the statistical analysis.
The research findings revealed that:
1. The current situation, desired condition, and essential demands of private school administrators' digital leadership models based on the Four Divine Abodes principles within the 12th Government Inspection Area. In general, the current situation is excellent. The ideal state is at its greatest level. Ranking the relevance of the necessary requirements is as follows: 1) Vision of digital 2) Digital skills and knowledge 3) Technological proficiency 4) Digital communication and information.
2. The results of developing a model should include: Model’s name, objectives of the model, principles and conceptual framework of the model, content (principles, concepts, objectives, methods and activities, integration based on the four Principles of Brahmavihara, and expected outcomes for each component).
3. The evaluation results of the model revealed that it was highly appropriate, feasible, and beneficial overall. Feasibility and usefulness were rated at the highest level, and all aspects were deemed practical for actual development.
4. The evaluation of satisfaction in applying the model in a trial indicated that both overall and individual aspects were rated at the highest level across all criteria.

Model of Innovative Leadership Development Based on Brahmavihara Principles 4 of Educational Institution Administrators Under the Jurisdiction of the Secondary Educational Service Area Office in Government Inspection Area 13

2025-09-12T16:53:48+07:00

This research aimed to: 1) investigate the current situation, the desired condition, and the necessary needs for developing innovative leadership among educational institution administrators under the jurisdiction of the Secondary Educational Service Area Office in Government Inspection Area 13; 2) develop an innovative leadership development model based on the Four Brahmavihara Principles; and 3) evaluate the appropriateness of the developed model. The quantitative sample consisted of 238 school administrators, while the qualitative data were collected from 9 experts for focus group discussions and another 9 specialists for model evaluation. Research instruments included questionnaires, interviews, and evaluation forms. Data were analyzed using basic statistics such as mean, percentage, standard deviation, and the Priority Needs Index Modified (PNI _modified).
The findings revealed that:
1. The current state of innovative leadership, based on the Four Brahmavihara Principles, was at a high level overall. Ranked in order from highest to lowest were team collaboration and participation, risk management, creativity, transformational vision, and the creation of an innovative organization. The desired state was rated at the highest level, indicating a significant need to enhance leadership capacity.
2. The developed model comprised five main components: model title, objectives, implementation methods, success goals, and driving mechanisms. The model integrates the ethical foundation of the Brahmavihara Principles with modern leadership approaches that emphasize innovation and moral integrity.
3. The evaluation of the model by experts confirmed its high levels of appropriateness, feasibility, and utility, suggesting that it is a practical and effective framework for promoting innovative leadership in the current educational context.

Motivation for Learning the Thai Language Program Among Chinese Students at Kunming University

2025-11-04T10:33:40+07:00

This research aims to 1) study the levels of internal, external, and overall motivation in learning the Thai language program among Chinese students at Kunming University and 2) examine the internal and external factors affecting their motivation. This study employs quantitative research methods, with the population comprising Chinese students at Kunming University. This study is quantitative research. The sample consisted of 140 Chinese undergraduate students who were enrolled in the Thai language program from years 1 to 4 at Kunming University. The research tool used is a questionnaire, developed based on relevant concepts, theories, and previous studies. The statistical methods employed include means, standard deviations, and multiple regression analysis.
The results revealed that:
1. The overall level of internal and external motivation is high.
2. Internal and external factors affecting the motivation of Chinese students to study the Thai language program at Kunming University. The internal factor with the strongest independent variable is personal needs, which is statistically significant at the 0.05 level with a predictive power of 61.8% (R² =0.618), followed by personal interest. Among external factors, economic factors are the strongest predictor, with a statistically significant impact at the 0.05 level and a predictive power of 66.0% (R² = 0.66), followed by family influence. However, educational institutions and social factors do not significantly predict motivation in learning the Thai language program among Chinese students at Kunming University.

The Sacred Water Bathing Ritual at Wat Hong Rattanaram Ratchaworawihan: Social Memory and Cultural Symbols

2025-11-01T15:45:29+07:00

This study aims to examine the sacred water bathing ritual, analyze the symbols and meanings embedded in the ritual at Wat Hong Rattanaram Ratchaworawihan, and examine its roles in contemporary community and societal contexts. Data were collected through documentary research, electronic sources, and fieldwork, including interviews and participant observation.
The results revealed that:
1. That the ritual is grounded in social memory, drawing upon local historical narratives and enduring beliefs in the sanctity of water.
2. The symbolic meanings embedded in the sacred water bathing ritual at Wat Hong Rattanaram Ratchaworawihan encompass both material and behavioral symbols that represent supernatural power. These elements reflect the veneration of King Taksin the Great as a sacralized figure and identify symbolic markers that designate the temple as a sacred space within the ritual landscape.
3. The symbols embedded in the sacred water bathing ritual play a vital role in both community and societal contexts. They contribute to the construction of social meaning, the cultivation of historical consciousness, the articulation of communal identity, and the promotion of cultural tourism. These findings not only illuminate the dynamics of invented traditions but also contribute to broader discussions in Creative Folklore and Anthropology of religion. The findings highlight the importance of cultural capital as a foundation for designing meaningful and sustainable cultural tourism initiatives that stimulate local economies and safeguard traditional practices in contemporary contexts. The ritual thus serves as a compelling example of the seamless integration of religious, economic, and social dimensions within a dynamic cultural system.

Development of Jitsuksa Model to Promote Ethical Leadership of Master’s Degree Students in Educational Administration Naresuan University

2025-12-02T11:54:21+07:00

This research aimed to: (1) examine the components of ethical leadership, the essential needs, and the application of contemplative education for promoting ethical leadership; (2) develop a contemplative education model to enhance ethical leadership; (3) implement the developed model; and (4) evaluate the outcomes of the model. The study employed a research and development (R&D) methodology. The population comprised 150 first-year master's students in Educational Administration in the academic year 2023. Research instruments included questionnaires, interviews, evaluation forms, and observation records. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, the Modified Priority Needs Index (PNI _modified), and content analysis.
The findings revealed that:
1. Ethical leadership consists of three components: values, decision-making, and empathy. The overall essential needs for developing ethical leadership showed a PNI _modified value of 0.47. The application of contemplative education was categorized into two key areas: cultivating a sense of positive community and implementing contemplative practices.
2. The developed model comprised principles, objectives, operational mechanisms, methods, assessment strategies, and success conditions. The model emphasized positive psychology and contemplative practices. Expert evaluations indicated that the model was highly accurate, comprehensive, and appropriate ( = 4.76, S.D. = 0.43).
3. The implementation phase, involving master’s students in Educational Administration, showed positive reactions across all learning dimensions. Learners demonstrated increased understanding and improved contemplative practice skills. Overall behavioral outcomes were at a high level ( = 4.06, S.D. = 0.58).
4. The evaluation of the model's outcomes indicated that the overall results across all dimensions were at a high level ( = 3.71, S.D. = 0.55).

A Case Study of Improving English Speaking Ability for Presentation Using Audio Lingual Method

2025-09-18T15:41:10+07:00

The Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) has long been accepted as an English language teaching approach for developing learners’ listening and speaking skills. It emphasizes habit formation through imitation, repetition, and corrective feedback between learner and instructor an approach that shares similarities with instructional methods in Thai dance and music. This research article presents the application of ALM to enhance learners’ English speaking ability for presentations, utilizing ALM as the sole instructional method. The study aimed to compare the English-speaking performance of undergraduate students before and after the implementation of ALM. The participants were 20 undergraduate students majoring in Thai dance and music at Sukhothai College of Dramatic Arts, all of whom were enrolled in an academic English course during the second semester of the 2024 academic year. Research instruments included: (1) ALM-based learning management plans, and (2) learning materials, activities, and assignments across lesson chapters. The study employed a classroom action research framework based on Jean McNiff (1998), following the cyclical process of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, percentage, and the Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test.
Findings revealed that: the learning outcomes aligned with the research objectives. Initially, students had difficulty with (1) accurate pronunciation of consonants and vowels, (2) correct syllable stress and appropriate intonation, and (3) grammatical correctness in speech. Improvements in these areas were observed progressively across the three action research cycles. Evaluations were based on students’ performance in presentations, activity participation, and assignment completion. Results showed that the post-test mean score (M = 50.60) was significantly higher than the pre-test score. The Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test confirmed that students’ speaking performance after the intervention was significantly improved at the .01 level. The findings align with previous ALM studies, which emphasize the effectiveness of repetition and substitution drills in enhancing learners’ pronunciation and grammatical competence. Furthermore, the study highlights parallels between ALM and traditional Thai performing arts instruction, suggesting pedagogical compatibility and potential for cross-disciplinary application.

Roles And Responsibilities of Local Administrators in Community Development: A Case Study of Phayu Subdistrict Administrative Organization, Phayu District, Si Sa Ket Province

2025-11-01T12:10:36+07:00

This study aimed to examine the roles of local administrators in community development within the Phayuh Subdistrict Administrative Organization, Phayuh District, Sisaket Province. The specific objectives were: (1) to investigate the responsibilities of local administrators in addressing community issues and promoting sustainable development, and (2) to analyze the challenges and constraints faced during the implementation of community development initiatives. A qualitative research methodology was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and the review of relevant documents. The key informants consisted of administrators, staff members, and community representatives, totaling 30 participants selected through purposive sampling. The data were analyzed using content analysis.
The findings revealed the following:
1. General Findings Local administrators play a central role in determining development policies, encouraging community participation, coordinating among various local groups, and managing resources closely to ensure they align with actual community needs. These actions contribute to more responsive and sustainable development outcomes. The community’s involvement in decision-making processes increased noticeably, administrative performance showed improved continuity, and public trust in local governance strengthened as development became more tangible and inclusive.
2. Specific Findings (1) Local administrators are required to adopt a proactive approach. This includes assessing problems in a systematic manner, planning for long-term development, fostering collaboration with multiple stakeholders, and ensuring transparent monitoring and evaluation processes that consistently address community expectations, and (2) However, several challenges persist. These include limited financial resources, complex bureaucratic procedures, insufficient levels of citizen participation, and fluctuating levels of public confidence. Therefore, strengthening communication mechanisms, enhancing transparency, building network partnerships, and expanding resource support systems are necessary strategies to sustain community development efforts effectively.

The Development of An Internal Supervision Model in Educational Institutions Aims to Enhance the Effectiveness of Active Learning Management for Teachers Within the Surat Thani and Chumphon Secondary Educational Service Area Offices

2025-11-05T14:13:11+07:00

This research aimed to: (1) examine the current conditions, desirable conditions, and needs for internal supervision in educational institutions; (2) develop a model of internal supervision; and (3) validate the internal supervision model to enhance teachers’ effectiveness in active learning management. The study employed a mixed-methods research and development approach conducted in three phases. Phase 1 investigated the current situation and needs of teachers regarding internal supervision to enhance active learning management. The sample consisted of 204 teachers, and data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed using the Priority Needs Index (PNI). Phase 2 involved developing the internal supervision model through an expert seminar with nine specialists, and the data were analyzed using content analysis. Phase 3 focused on validating the developed model through a focus group discussion with nine practitioners, also analyzed using content analysis.
The findings revealed that: the priority needs for internal supervision were, in descending order: clarity of lesson objectives, classroom atmosphere management, active learning management, attention to teaching practices, promotion of student achievement, use of instructional media, and enhancement of learning process effectiveness. The internal supervision process consisted of five key steps: (1) studying current conditions, problems, and needs; (2) supervision planning; (3) development of supervisory media and tools; (4) implementation of supervision; and (5) evaluation.

Innovative Learning Management Model Based on the Four Iddhipada Principles for Personnel in Private Schools under the Office of Khon Kaen Provincial Education

2025-10-25T15:42:40+07:00

This study aimed to: (1) examine the current state, desired state, and priority needs of learning management innovators based on the Four Paths of Accomplishment (Iddhipāda 4) among personnel in private schools; (2) develop a learning management innovation model grounded in the Iddhipāda 4 principles; and (3) evaluate the proposed model. A mixed methods research design was employed, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative sample consisted of 226 participants, while 20 key informants were purposively selected for the qualitative component. Research instruments were developed and validated for content validity and reliability. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data were examined through content analysis.
The findings revealed that:
1. The current state of learning management innovation based on the Iddhipāda 4 among private school personnel under the Khon Kaen Provincial Education Office was at a moderate level (x̅ = 3.34). Network building yielded the highest mean score, followed by technological knowledge, while risk management showed the lowest mean score. The desired state was at the highest level (x̅ = 4.68), with technological knowledge rated as the most important. The modified Priority Needs Index (PNI _modified) indicated that network building was the most urgent need, followed by technological knowledge, leadership, and risk management, respectively.
2. The developed learning management innovation model comprised four components: fostering instructional inspiration, goal setting and effective work practices, monitoring learning behaviors through technology, and systems thinking. The model integrates the Iddhipāda 4 principles Chanda (motivation and commitment), Viriya (perseverance and continuous development), Citta (attentiveness and reflective data use), and Vimamsa (reasoned inquiry and the application of technology, particularly artificial intelligence) to enhance the effectiveness of learning management.
3. The evaluation results indicated that the model was appropriate, feasible, and beneficial. It effectively enhanced network building, technological knowledge, leadership, and risk management, thereby supporting informed decision-making and improving the overall effectiveness of learning management.

General management strategy based on The Fuor Brahmavihāra principles of Phrapariyattidhamma School General Education Department, Area 7

2025-12-06T15:31:01+07:00

This dissertation aims to: 1) Study the needs and necessities of general administrative strategies for Pariyatti Dhamma Schools, General Education Division, Region 7; 2) Develop general administrative strategies based on the Four Divine States (Brahmavihara) for Pariyatti Dhamma Schools, General Education Division, Region 7, and 3) Evaluate general administrative strategies based on the Four Divine States (Brahmavihara) for Pariyatti Dhamma Schools, General Education Division, Region 7. The researcher employed a mixed-methods research design, integrating quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires distributed to a study population, including administrators and teachers of Pariyatti Dhamma Schools, General Education Division, Region 7. The sample size consisted of 175 individuals. For qualitative data, the researcher conducted formal interviews with key informants, specifically administrators from Pariyatti Dhamma Schools, General Education Division, Region 7, selected purposively, totaling 10 individuals. The research tools used were questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and the PIN_modified index.
The research results were as follows:
1. The current state of general administration was rated at a high level overall. When considered by specific aspects, the highest-rated aspect was Aspect 3: Administration of school facilities and the environment, followed by Aspect 4: Public relations. The lowest-rated aspect was Aspect 1: Administrative operations. The desired state of general administrative practices was rated at the highest level overall. When considered by specific aspects, the highest-rated aspect was Aspect 4: Public relations, followed by Aspect 3: Administration of school facilities and the environment. The lowest-rated aspect was Aspect 2: Technology and innovation for education. Based on the PIN_modified index ranking, the most critical and urgent area requiring development was Aspect 4: Public relations, followed by Aspect 1: Administrative operations, and lastly, Aspect 2: Technology and innovation for education.
2. The development of general administrative strategies based on the Four Divine States (Brahmavihara) for Pariyatti Dhamma Schools, General Education Division, Region 7, resulted in a complete strategic model comprising one vision, four missions, four objectives, four strategic issues, and 48 strategies.
3. The evaluation of the general administrative strategies based on the Four Divine States (Brahmavihara) for Pariyatti Dhamma Schools, General Education Division, Region 7, revealed that the strategies' feasibility and appropriateness were rated at the highest level.

A Model for Developing Transformational Leadership Based on the Dutiyapāpaṇika Sutta for Secondary School Administrators under the Office of the Basic Education Commission in Inspection Region 12

2025-09-16T11:06:35+07:00

The purposes of this research were: 1) assess the needs for a adaptive leadership model for secondary school administrators, 2) develop a adaptive leadership development model based on the Dutiyapāpaṇika Sutta for these administrators, and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of the developed model. The population consisted of 10,045 secondary school administrators and teachers under the Office of the Basic Education Commission in Inspection Region 12, with a sample size of 1,358 participants. The qualitative data were collected from: (1) nine experts through focus group discussions and (2) nine specialists for model evaluation. The research instruments included questionnaires, interviews, and evaluation forms, with data analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, and the PNI _modified index to rank the priority of needs.
The results revealed that:
1. The study on the needs for adaptive leadership based on the Dutiyapāpaṇika Sutta for secondary school administrators under the Office of the Basic Education Commission in Inspection Region 12 identified the following priority areas in order of importance: (1) Cultural competence (PNI _modified = 0.60), (2) Fostering unity (PNI _modified = 0.59), (3) Knowledge management (PNI _modified = 0.58), and (4) Holistic vision (PNI _modified = 0.57).
2. The development adaptive leadership development model based on the Dutiyapāpaṇika Sutta for these administrators of six key components: (1) model name, (2) objectives, (3) principles and conceptual framework, (4) implementation methods, (5) success objectives, and (6) driving mechanisms for success.
3. The evaluation of the adaptive leadership model based on the Dutiyapāpaṇika Sutta for secondary school administrators under the Office of the Basic Education Commission in Inspection Region 12 was conducted across three key aspects: appropriateness, benefits, and feasibility. The results showed that the average scores for all aspects were at the highest level.

The Transformational Leadership Model Based on the Four Brahmavihāra Principles of Administrators in Phrapariyattidhamma Schools, General Education Division, Region 7

2025-12-06T16:06:21+07:00

The purposes of this research were: 1) examine the current state, desirable state, and necessary improvements in transformational leadership of administrators in Phrapariyattidhamma Schools, General Education Division, Region 7, 2) develop a transformational leadership model based on the Four Brahmavihāra Principles, and 3) evaluate the effectiveness of the developed leadership model. The study utilized a mixed-methods approach, with a sample group comprising 305 administrators and teachers from Phrapariyattidhamma Schools, General Education Division, Region 7. Research instruments included questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and evaluation forms, while data analysis employed percentage, mean, standard deviation, and necessary needs index (PNI).
The results revealed that:
1. The current state of transformational leadership based on the Four Brahmavihāra Principles among school administrators was found to be at a high level overall. When considering specific aspects, all dimensions had high average scores. The desirable state was at the highest level overall, with most individual dimensions scoring between high to highest levels. The average necessary needs index (PNI) was calculated at 0.19, with the ranking of leadership aspects from highest to lowest as follows: (1) Idealized Influence, (2) Intellectual Stimulation, (3) Individual Consideration, and (4) Inspirational Motivation.
2. The Transformational Leadership Model based on the Four Brahmavihāra Principles consists of (1) model name, (2) model objectives, (3) principles and conceptual framework, (4) content structure integrating the Four Brahmavihāra Principles, and (5) expected outcomes.
3. The evaluation of the transformational leadership model based on the Four Brahmavihāra Principles in terms of appropriateness, feasibility, and benefits yielded high average scores across all criteria.

Developing the 21st Century Leadership Model Based on Good Governance Principles for Administrators of Schools under the Primary Educational Service Area Office in Inspection Region 12

2025-09-12T11:59:29+07:00

The purposes of this research were to: 1) examine the current conditions, desired conditions, and priority needs for a 21st-century, 2) develop a 21st-century leadership model for these school administrators, and 3) evaluate the effectiveness of the developed leadership model based on good governance principles. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, utilizing questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, model evaluation forms, and satisfaction assessment forms. The sample group consisted of 15 school administrators and 337 teachers, totaling 352 participants. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Statistical analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and need assessment index analysis.
The results revealed that:
1. The assessment of the current conditions, desired conditions, and priority needs assessment for the 21st-century leadership model based on good governance principles among school administrators under the Primary Educational Service Area Office in Inspection Region 12 revealed that the current state was at a high level, while the desired state was rated at the highest level. The most critical needs, ranked in order of importance, included (1) consensus building and motivation, (2) technology and communication, (3) collaboration and teamwork skills, (4) visionary leadership, (5) courage in problem-solving, and (6) creativity and innovation.
2. The development of the 21st-century leadership model consists of several key components: (1) the model’s name, (2) its objectives, (3) the principles and conceptual framework, and (4) the content, which includes principles and concepts, objectives, methods and activities, integration with good governance principles, and expected outcomes.
3. The evaluation of the 21st-century leadership model based on good governance principles for school administrators found that it was highly Propriety, feasibility, and Utility, with all aspects mean rated at the highest level.

The Synthesis Results Context of Learning Assessment for Competency-based Learning

2025-09-05T11:47:13+07:00

This survey research aimed to: (1) synthesize the context of learning assessment for competency-based learning; and (2) analyze the conditions, problems, and needs regarding learning assessment for competency-based learning among basic education teachers and higher education instructors in Pathum Thani Province. The sample consisted of 400 basic education teachers in Pathum Thani Province, selected via stratified random sampling, and 210 higher education instructors in Pathum Thani Province, selected via simple random sampling. The research instruments included a document synthesis form regarding the context of competency-based learning assessment and a questionnaire on the conditions, problems, and needs concerning the use of assessment tools for competency-based learning, with a reliability coefficient of 0.94. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, and content analysis.
The results of the research revealed that:
1. Regarding the synthesis of the context of learning assessment for competency-based learning, the study synthesized the contexts of Competency-Based Education and Competency-Based Curriculum.
2. The conditions for learning assessment and assessment for competency-based learning among teachers in basic education in Pathum Thani Province, the overall state of practice was at a moderate level (M = 2.81, S.D. = 0.77). Problems associated with learning assessment were overall at a high level (M = 3.86, S.D. = 0.86), while expectations regarding learning assessment were at the highest level (M = 4.54, S.D. = 0.58). For higher education instructors in Pathum Thani Province, the overall state of practice regarding competency-based learning assessment was at a moderate level (M = 3.17, S.D. = 0.70). Problems related to learning assessment were overall at a high level (M = 3.75, S.D. = 0.73), and expectations for learning assessment were at the highest level (M = 4.52, S.D. = 0.58).

Analyzing the Existentialism of Simone de Beauvoir

2025-10-10T15:40:48+07:00

The objectives of this research are: 1) To study the concept of Existentialism. 2) To study the Existentialism of Simone de Beauvoir. 3) To analyze the Existentialism of Simone de Beauvoir. It is a documentary research. The data were collected from the relevant sources: primary, secondary and related documents. The collected data were interpreted by the descriptive analysis based on the inductive method.
The results revealed that:
1. Existentialism serves as a vital philosophical approach that encourages individuals to confront their existence and embrace the freedom and responsibility that come with it. By engaging with existentialist ideas, individuals can cultivate a deeper understanding of themselves and their places in the world, ultimately leading to their more authentic and fulfilling lives.
2. Simone de Beauvoir’s philosophy explores ambiguity, freedom, ethics, and human relationships, emphasizing that true freedom is interconnected with the freedom of others. Her work challenges societal views on aging, advocates for gender equality, and highlights our ethical responsibility to others. By distinguishing internal and external freedom, she stresses mutual respect and shared goals for genuine connection. Her ideas remain vital to contemporary debates on social justice and collective liberation.
3. Simone de Beauvoir’s existential philosophy intertwines feminism, freedom, and ethical responsibility, challenging oppressive systems and advocating for human agency. She critiques the social construction of gender, exposing how women are relegated to The Other and calling for liberation through education, economic independence, and systemic change. Her existentialism emphasizes that freedom is not absolute but a dynamic process requiring mutual recognition and collective responsibility. By navigating human ambiguity and rejecting rigid moral absolutes, Beauvoir offers a framework for social justice, ethical engagement, and the pursuit of meaning in a world devoid of inherent purpose.

Developing A Learning Organization Model Based on the Sappāya Dhamma Principles for Schools under the Primary Educational Service Area Office in Inspection Region 12

2025-09-12T12:19:16+07:00

The purposes of this research were to: (1) investigate the current conditions, desirable conditions, and priority needs of learning organization development based on the principles of Sappāya-dhamma in schools under the Office of Primary Educational Service Areas in Educational Inspectorate Area 12; (2) develop a learning organization model based on the principles of Sappāya-dhamma for schools under the Office of Primary Educational Service Areas in Educational Inspectorate Area 12; and (3) evaluate the developed learning organization model. This study employed a mixed-methods research design. The research instruments included questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, a model evaluation form, and a satisfaction assessment form. The sample consisted of 18 school administrators and 320 teachers, totaling 338 participants. The quantitative data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and priority needs index, while qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Model evaluation and satisfaction data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, and standard deviation.
The research findings revealed that:
1. Overall, the current conditions of the learning organization based on the principles of Sappāya-dhamma were at a high level, while the desirable conditions were at the highest level. The priority needs, ranked in descending order, were: (1) team learning, (2) systems thinking, (3) mental model development, (4) shared vision building, and (5) personal mastery.
2. The developed learning organization model comprised the following components: (1) model title, (2) objectives, (3) principles and conceptual framework, and (4) content, including principles and concepts, objectives, methods and activities, integration of Sappāya-dhamma, and expected outcomes.
3. The evaluation results indicated that the learning organization model demonstrated appropriateness, feasibility, and usefulness at the highest level in all aspects.