Community-based Tourism Management: Comparative Study between Four Perspectives of Cluster, Stakeholder, Social Networks and New Public Management
Keywords:
tourism, community, cluster, stakeholder, social networks, new public governanceAbstract
There are two objectives of this research paper – firstly, to study the perspectives of community-based tourism (CBT) management, and secondly, to compare between various important perspectives of CBT. A documentary research method is utilized for this study through searching a large number of research reports and papers. The study finds that there are four approaches to CBT – these are, cluster, stakeholder, social networks, and new public governance. The comparative study finds that each approach emphasizes different focal points. The cluster approach focuses on studying complementarities between value chains and vertical integration between the government units, business enterprises, and education institutes. The stakeholder approach focuses on public participation and sharing between stakeholders for cooperation and conflict management. The social network approach emphasizes relationships between business entrepreneurs based on mutual trust and social exchange. Lastly, the new public governance approach focuses on the study of equal co-management between the government sector, business partners, and civil society.
References
ธนันท์ธร สิริพัชรงค์กูร (2556) การจัดการภาคีสาธารณะเพื่อการพัฒนาการท่องเที่ยวเชิงวัฒนธรรมของตลาดน้ำอัมพวา, ดุษฎีนิพนธ์ สาขารัฐประศาสนศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยเกริก.
ภัทรภร พลพนาธรรม และคณะ (2553) เครือข่ายทางสังคมเพื่อส่งเสริมการท่องเที่ยวตลาดน้ำบางน้อย อำเภอบางคนที จังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม, รายงานผลการวิจัย มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา.
สถาบันการท่องเที่ยวโดยชุมชน (2013-2015) CBT, สถาบันการท่องเที่ยวโดยชุมชน มหาวิทยาลัยพายัพ อำเภอเมือง เชียงใหม่ (สืบค้นเมื่อวันที่ 29 กรกฎาคม 2561) สืบค้นจาก <www.cbt-i.or.th>.
สมศักดิ์ สามัคคีธรรม สุจิตรา สามัคคีธรรม นุสรา บุญสนอง และสมชาย กำปั่นทอง (2550) ปัญหาการจัดการโฮมสเตย์ตามแนวทางเศรษฐกิจพอเพียง: ศึกษากรณีอำเภอบางคนที จังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม, รายงานผลการวิจัย, มหาวิทยาลัยเกริก.
สมศักดิ์ สามัคคีธรรม และคณะ (2552) ‘การจัดการโฮมสเตย์ตามแนวทางเศรษฐกิจพอเพียง กรณีศึกษาอำเภอบางคนที จังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม’, วารสารร่มพฤกษ์, ปีที่ 25, ฉบับที่ 2.
Aas, C. et al. (2005) ‘Stakeholder Collaboration and Heritage Management’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 28 – 48.
Ahebwa, W. M. & Duim, R. (2013) ‘Conservation, Livelihoods, and Tourism: A Case Study of the Buhoma-Mukono Community-based Tourism Project in Uganda’, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, pp. 96 – 114, Vol. 31, No. 3.
Bezkhlibna, A. & Nykonenko, S. (2017) Strengthening of Regional Tourism Development by Creating Tourism Clusters in the Cities of Ukraine, Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice, Series D, Faculty of Economics & Administration, Vol. 24, Issue. 40, pp. 5 – 15.
Bovaird, T. & Loffler, E. (2005) ‘Understanding Public Management and Governance’, in Public Management and Governance, Bovaird, T. & Loffler, E. (eds.), London: Taylor & Francis Group.
Cheema, G. S. (2005) From Public Administration to Governance: The Paradigm Shift in the Link between Government and Citizens, A Paper Presented at the 6th Global Forum of Reinventing Government towards Participatory and Transparent Governance, on 24 – 27 May 2005, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Chiappa, G. D., Atzeni, M. & Ghasemi, V. (2016) ‘Community-based Collaborative Tourism Planning in Islands: A Cluster Analysis in the Context of Costa Smeralda’, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, (Retrieved 11 Jan 2018), <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.Jdmm.2016.10.005>.
Clarkson, M. B. E. (1995) ‘A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance’, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 92 – 117.
Denicola, S.; Cioccarelli, G. & Zucchella, A. (2010) ‘Research-based Local Development and Networked Core-Competencies for Tourism Excellence’, Tourism Management, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 260 – 266.
Donaldson, T. & Preston, L. E. (1995) ‘The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications’, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 65 – 91.
Freeman, R. E. & Reed, D. L. (1983) ‘Stockholders and Stakeholders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance’, California Management Review, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 88 – 106.
Freeman, R. E. (1984) Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Boston: Pitman.
Ghazali, A. (2005) ‘Small Firm Owner-Managers’ Networks in Tourism and Hospitality’, International Journal of Business and Society, Vol. 6, No. 2,
Giampiccoli, A. & Nauright, J. (2010) ‘Problems and Prospects for Community-Based Tourism in the New South Africa: The 2010 FIFA World Cap and Beyond’, African Historical Review, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 42-62.
Giampiccoli, A. & Kalis, J. H. (2012) ‘Tourism, Food, and Culture: Community-based Tourism, Local Food, and Community Development in Mpondoland’, Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, pp. 101 – 123, Vol. 34, Issue 2,
Giampiccoli, A. & Saayman, M. (2016) ‘Community-based Tourism: From a Local to a Global Push’, Acta Commercii – Independent Research Journal in the Management Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 1, a372. pp. 1 – 10, (Retrieved 11 Jan 2018) From <http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ac.v16i1.372>
Giampiccoli, A., Saayman, M. & Jugmohan, S. (2016) ‘Are Albergo Diffuso and Community-based Tourism the Answers to Community Development in South Africa?’, Development Southern Africa, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 548 – 561.
Hamzah, A. & Khalifah, Z. (2009) Handbooks on Community Based Tourism: ‘How to Develop and Sustain CBT’, Singapore: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
Jackson, J. & Murphy, P. (2002) ‘Tourism Destinations as Clusters: Analytical Experiences from the New World’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 36 – 52.
Jones, T. M. (1995) ‘Instrumental Stakeholder Theory: A Synthesis of Ethics and Economics’, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 404 – 437.
Jones, H. & Wood, M. (2007) Community-based Tourism Research Initiative: Survey Results Demonstrating the Connection that Community-based Tourism Projects have to Protected Areas, Washington: EplerWood International.
Jones, H. & Wood, M. (2008) Community-based Tourism Enterprise in Latin America: Triple Bottom Line Outcomes of 27 Projects, Burlington, VT: EplerWood International.
Katz, N.; Lazer, D.; Arrow, H. & Contractor, N. (2004) ‘Network Theory and Small Groups’, Small Group Research, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 307 – 332.
Kibicho, W. (2008) ‘Community-based Tourism: A Factor-Cluster Segmentation Approach’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 16, No. 2,
Kimbu, A. N. & Ngoasong, M. Z. (2013) ‘Centralized Decentralization of Tourism Development: A Network Perspective’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 40, No. 0, pp. 235 – 259.
Laws, E. et al. (2011) ‘Tourist Destination Governance: Practice, Theory and Issues’, in Laws, E., Richins, H., Agrusa, J. & Scott, N. (eds.) Tourist Destination Governance: Practice, Theory, and Issues, pp. 1 – 16, Oxfordshire: CAB International.
Liu, Zhenhua (2003) ‘Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 459 – 475.
Lopez-Guzman, T., Borges, O. & Castillo-Canalejo, A. M. (2011) ‘Community-based Tourism in Cape Verde – A case Study’, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 35 – 44.
Mabuza, K. D. (2006) An Assessment of the Industry Cluster Approach as a Tool for Local Economic Development: The Case of the New Media Industry in Birmingham, Doctoral Dissertation, Aston University.
On Mon, C. (2015) Governance in the Tourism Sector, Association of Accredited Public Policy Advocates to the European Union, From <www.aalep.eu>governance-tourism-sector> (Retrieved August 2, 2018)
Osborne, S. P. (2010) ‘Introduction: The (New) Public Governance: A Suitable Case for Treatment?’, in The New Public Governance?: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance, Osborne, S. P. (ed.), London, Routledge.
O’Toole, L. J., (1997) ‘Treating Networks Seriously: Practical and Research-based Agendas in Public Administration’, Public Administration Review, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 45 – 52.
Pattison, E. M. (1981) ‘Introduction: The Social Network Paradigm’, International Journal of Family Therapy, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 241 – 245.
Pavlovich, K. (2001) ‘The Twin Landscapes of Waitomo: Tourism Network and Sustainability through the Landcare Group’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 491 – 504.
Pavlovich, K. (2003) ‘The Evolution and Transformation of a Tourism Destination Network: The Waitomo Caves, New Zealand’, Tourism Management, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 203 – 216.
Pavlovich, K. & Kearins, K. (2004) ‘Structural Embeddedness and Community-Building through Collaborative Network Relationships’, Management, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 195 – 214.
Pavlovic, S. & Cavlin, G. (2014) ‘Competitiveness of Destinations within the Rural Tourism Cluster: Zlatar, Zlatibor’, Economics of Agriculture, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 603 – 614.
Pestoff, V. & Brandsen, T. (2010) ‘Public Governance and the Third Sector: Opportunities for Co-production and Innovation?’ in The New Public Governance?: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance, Osborne, S. P. (ed.) London: Routledge.
Peters, B. G. (2010) ‘Meta-Governance and Public Management’, in The New Public Governance?: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance, Osborne, S. P. (ed.), London: Routledge.
Pforr, C. (2006) ‘Tourism Policy in the Making: An Australian Network Study’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 87 – 108.
Porter, Michael E. (1998) ‘Cluster and the New Economics of Competition’, Harvard Business Review, November – December, pp. 77 – 90.
Porter, Michael E. (2000) ‘Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy’, Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 14, Issue 1.
Porter, Michael E. & Kramer, M. R. (2006) ‘Strategy and Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility’, Harvard Business Review, pp. 77-92, December.
Porter, Michael E. & Kramer, M. R. (2011) ‘Creating Shared Value’, Harvard Business Review, pp. 62-77, Vol. 89: No. 1-2.
Powell, W. (1990) ‘Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization’, Research in Organizational Behavior, No. 12.
Richins, H. et al. (2011) ‘TDG Challenges and Concerns: Questions of Development, Community Involvement, Responsiveness, and Future Outcomes’, in Laws, E., Richins, H., Agrusa, J. & Scott, N. (eds.) Tourist Destination Governance: Practice, Theory, and Issues, pp. 17 – 24, Oxfordshire: CAB International.
Robson, J. & Robson, I. (1996) ‘From Shareholders to Stakeholders: Critical Issues for Tourism Marketers’, Tourism Management, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 583 – 540.
Rozemeijer, N. (2001) Community-based Tourism in Botswana: The SNV Experience in Three Community-Tourism Projects, Gaborone: SNV Botswana.
Rui, Song (2018) Report on World Tourism Economy Trends (2018), Tourism Research Center, Chinese Academy of Social Science, Berlin, (retrieved 3 August 2018) from <https://www.usip.org>
Satarat, Nopparat (2010) Sustainable Management of Community-based Tourism in Thailand, Ph.D. (Development Administration), School of Public Administration, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Thailand.
Taplin, I. M. (2011) ‘Network Structure and Knowledge Transfer in Cluster Evolution’, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 127 – 145.
Thaithong, Nisarat (2016) An Investigation of Tourism Stakeholders Networks and Cluster Sustainability in Samui Island, Thailand, Ph.D. thesis, Business School, University of Hull.
Tinsley, R. & Lynch, P. (2001) ‘Small Tourism Business Networks and Destination Development’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 367 – 378.
Yuksel, F. et al., (1999) ‘Stakeholder Interviews and Tourism Planning at Pamukkale, Turkey’, Tourism Management, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 351 – 360.
Ziakas, V. & Costa, C. A. (2010) ‘Explicating Inter-organizational Linkages of a Host Community’s Events Network’, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 132 – 147.
ภัทรภร พลพนาธรรม และคณะ (2553) เครือข่ายทางสังคมเพื่อส่งเสริมการท่องเที่ยวตลาดน้ำบางน้อย อำเภอบางคนที จังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม, รายงานผลการวิจัย มหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฏสวนสุนันทา.
สถาบันการท่องเที่ยวโดยชุมชน (2013-2015) CBT, สถาบันการท่องเที่ยวโดยชุมชน มหาวิทยาลัยพายัพ อำเภอเมือง เชียงใหม่ (สืบค้นเมื่อวันที่ 29 กรกฎาคม 2561) สืบค้นจาก <www.cbt-i.or.th>.
สมศักดิ์ สามัคคีธรรม สุจิตรา สามัคคีธรรม นุสรา บุญสนอง และสมชาย กำปั่นทอง (2550) ปัญหาการจัดการโฮมสเตย์ตามแนวทางเศรษฐกิจพอเพียง: ศึกษากรณีอำเภอบางคนที จังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม, รายงานผลการวิจัย, มหาวิทยาลัยเกริก.
สมศักดิ์ สามัคคีธรรม และคณะ (2552) ‘การจัดการโฮมสเตย์ตามแนวทางเศรษฐกิจพอเพียง กรณีศึกษาอำเภอบางคนที จังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม’, วารสารร่มพฤกษ์, ปีที่ 25, ฉบับที่ 2.
Aas, C. et al. (2005) ‘Stakeholder Collaboration and Heritage Management’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 28 – 48.
Ahebwa, W. M. & Duim, R. (2013) ‘Conservation, Livelihoods, and Tourism: A Case Study of the Buhoma-Mukono Community-based Tourism Project in Uganda’, Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, pp. 96 – 114, Vol. 31, No. 3.
Bezkhlibna, A. & Nykonenko, S. (2017) Strengthening of Regional Tourism Development by Creating Tourism Clusters in the Cities of Ukraine, Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice, Series D, Faculty of Economics & Administration, Vol. 24, Issue. 40, pp. 5 – 15.
Bovaird, T. & Loffler, E. (2005) ‘Understanding Public Management and Governance’, in Public Management and Governance, Bovaird, T. & Loffler, E. (eds.), London: Taylor & Francis Group.
Cheema, G. S. (2005) From Public Administration to Governance: The Paradigm Shift in the Link between Government and Citizens, A Paper Presented at the 6th Global Forum of Reinventing Government towards Participatory and Transparent Governance, on 24 – 27 May 2005, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Chiappa, G. D., Atzeni, M. & Ghasemi, V. (2016) ‘Community-based Collaborative Tourism Planning in Islands: A Cluster Analysis in the Context of Costa Smeralda’, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, (Retrieved 11 Jan 2018), <http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/J.Jdmm.2016.10.005>.
Clarkson, M. B. E. (1995) ‘A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance’, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 92 – 117.
Denicola, S.; Cioccarelli, G. & Zucchella, A. (2010) ‘Research-based Local Development and Networked Core-Competencies for Tourism Excellence’, Tourism Management, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 260 – 266.
Donaldson, T. & Preston, L. E. (1995) ‘The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications’, The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 65 – 91.
Freeman, R. E. & Reed, D. L. (1983) ‘Stockholders and Stakeholders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance’, California Management Review, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 88 – 106.
Freeman, R. E. (1984) Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Boston: Pitman.
Ghazali, A. (2005) ‘Small Firm Owner-Managers’ Networks in Tourism and Hospitality’, International Journal of Business and Society, Vol. 6, No. 2,
Giampiccoli, A. & Nauright, J. (2010) ‘Problems and Prospects for Community-Based Tourism in the New South Africa: The 2010 FIFA World Cap and Beyond’, African Historical Review, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 42-62.
Giampiccoli, A. & Kalis, J. H. (2012) ‘Tourism, Food, and Culture: Community-based Tourism, Local Food, and Community Development in Mpondoland’, Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, pp. 101 – 123, Vol. 34, Issue 2,
Giampiccoli, A. & Saayman, M. (2016) ‘Community-based Tourism: From a Local to a Global Push’, Acta Commercii – Independent Research Journal in the Management Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 1, a372. pp. 1 – 10, (Retrieved 11 Jan 2018) From <http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ac.v16i1.372>
Giampiccoli, A., Saayman, M. & Jugmohan, S. (2016) ‘Are Albergo Diffuso and Community-based Tourism the Answers to Community Development in South Africa?’, Development Southern Africa, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 548 – 561.
Hamzah, A. & Khalifah, Z. (2009) Handbooks on Community Based Tourism: ‘How to Develop and Sustain CBT’, Singapore: Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.
Jackson, J. & Murphy, P. (2002) ‘Tourism Destinations as Clusters: Analytical Experiences from the New World’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 36 – 52.
Jones, T. M. (1995) ‘Instrumental Stakeholder Theory: A Synthesis of Ethics and Economics’, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 404 – 437.
Jones, H. & Wood, M. (2007) Community-based Tourism Research Initiative: Survey Results Demonstrating the Connection that Community-based Tourism Projects have to Protected Areas, Washington: EplerWood International.
Jones, H. & Wood, M. (2008) Community-based Tourism Enterprise in Latin America: Triple Bottom Line Outcomes of 27 Projects, Burlington, VT: EplerWood International.
Katz, N.; Lazer, D.; Arrow, H. & Contractor, N. (2004) ‘Network Theory and Small Groups’, Small Group Research, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 307 – 332.
Kibicho, W. (2008) ‘Community-based Tourism: A Factor-Cluster Segmentation Approach’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 16, No. 2,
Kimbu, A. N. & Ngoasong, M. Z. (2013) ‘Centralized Decentralization of Tourism Development: A Network Perspective’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 40, No. 0, pp. 235 – 259.
Laws, E. et al. (2011) ‘Tourist Destination Governance: Practice, Theory and Issues’, in Laws, E., Richins, H., Agrusa, J. & Scott, N. (eds.) Tourist Destination Governance: Practice, Theory, and Issues, pp. 1 – 16, Oxfordshire: CAB International.
Liu, Zhenhua (2003) ‘Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 459 – 475.
Lopez-Guzman, T., Borges, O. & Castillo-Canalejo, A. M. (2011) ‘Community-based Tourism in Cape Verde – A case Study’, Tourism and Hospitality Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 35 – 44.
Mabuza, K. D. (2006) An Assessment of the Industry Cluster Approach as a Tool for Local Economic Development: The Case of the New Media Industry in Birmingham, Doctoral Dissertation, Aston University.
On Mon, C. (2015) Governance in the Tourism Sector, Association of Accredited Public Policy Advocates to the European Union, From <www.aalep.eu>governance-tourism-sector> (Retrieved August 2, 2018)
Osborne, S. P. (2010) ‘Introduction: The (New) Public Governance: A Suitable Case for Treatment?’, in The New Public Governance?: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance, Osborne, S. P. (ed.), London, Routledge.
O’Toole, L. J., (1997) ‘Treating Networks Seriously: Practical and Research-based Agendas in Public Administration’, Public Administration Review, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 45 – 52.
Pattison, E. M. (1981) ‘Introduction: The Social Network Paradigm’, International Journal of Family Therapy, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 241 – 245.
Pavlovich, K. (2001) ‘The Twin Landscapes of Waitomo: Tourism Network and Sustainability through the Landcare Group’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 491 – 504.
Pavlovich, K. (2003) ‘The Evolution and Transformation of a Tourism Destination Network: The Waitomo Caves, New Zealand’, Tourism Management, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 203 – 216.
Pavlovich, K. & Kearins, K. (2004) ‘Structural Embeddedness and Community-Building through Collaborative Network Relationships’, Management, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 195 – 214.
Pavlovic, S. & Cavlin, G. (2014) ‘Competitiveness of Destinations within the Rural Tourism Cluster: Zlatar, Zlatibor’, Economics of Agriculture, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 603 – 614.
Pestoff, V. & Brandsen, T. (2010) ‘Public Governance and the Third Sector: Opportunities for Co-production and Innovation?’ in The New Public Governance?: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance, Osborne, S. P. (ed.) London: Routledge.
Peters, B. G. (2010) ‘Meta-Governance and Public Management’, in The New Public Governance?: Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance, Osborne, S. P. (ed.), London: Routledge.
Pforr, C. (2006) ‘Tourism Policy in the Making: An Australian Network Study’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 87 – 108.
Porter, Michael E. (1998) ‘Cluster and the New Economics of Competition’, Harvard Business Review, November – December, pp. 77 – 90.
Porter, Michael E. (2000) ‘Location, Competition, and Economic Development: Local Clusters in a Global Economy’, Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 14, Issue 1.
Porter, Michael E. & Kramer, M. R. (2006) ‘Strategy and Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility’, Harvard Business Review, pp. 77-92, December.
Porter, Michael E. & Kramer, M. R. (2011) ‘Creating Shared Value’, Harvard Business Review, pp. 62-77, Vol. 89: No. 1-2.
Powell, W. (1990) ‘Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization’, Research in Organizational Behavior, No. 12.
Richins, H. et al. (2011) ‘TDG Challenges and Concerns: Questions of Development, Community Involvement, Responsiveness, and Future Outcomes’, in Laws, E., Richins, H., Agrusa, J. & Scott, N. (eds.) Tourist Destination Governance: Practice, Theory, and Issues, pp. 17 – 24, Oxfordshire: CAB International.
Robson, J. & Robson, I. (1996) ‘From Shareholders to Stakeholders: Critical Issues for Tourism Marketers’, Tourism Management, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 583 – 540.
Rozemeijer, N. (2001) Community-based Tourism in Botswana: The SNV Experience in Three Community-Tourism Projects, Gaborone: SNV Botswana.
Rui, Song (2018) Report on World Tourism Economy Trends (2018), Tourism Research Center, Chinese Academy of Social Science, Berlin, (retrieved 3 August 2018) from <https://www.usip.org>
Satarat, Nopparat (2010) Sustainable Management of Community-based Tourism in Thailand, Ph.D. (Development Administration), School of Public Administration, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Thailand.
Taplin, I. M. (2011) ‘Network Structure and Knowledge Transfer in Cluster Evolution’, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 127 – 145.
Thaithong, Nisarat (2016) An Investigation of Tourism Stakeholders Networks and Cluster Sustainability in Samui Island, Thailand, Ph.D. thesis, Business School, University of Hull.
Tinsley, R. & Lynch, P. (2001) ‘Small Tourism Business Networks and Destination Development’, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 367 – 378.
Yuksel, F. et al., (1999) ‘Stakeholder Interviews and Tourism Planning at Pamukkale, Turkey’, Tourism Management, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 351 – 360.
Ziakas, V. & Costa, C. A. (2010) ‘Explicating Inter-organizational Linkages of a Host Community’s Events Network’, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 132 – 147.
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2021-02-08
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บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของ มหาวิทยาลัยมหามกุฏราชวิทยาลัย วิทยาเขตสิรินธรราชวิทยาลัย
ข้อความที่ปรากฏในบทความแต่ละเรื่องในวารสารวิชาการเล่มนี้เป็นความคิดเห็นส่วนตัวของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับหาวิทยาลัยมหามกุฏราชวิทยาลัย วิทยาเขตสิรินธรราชวิทยาลัย และคณาจารย์ท่านอื่นๆในมหาวิทยาลัยฯ แต่อย่างใด ความรับผิดชอบองค์ประกอบทั้งหมดของบทความแต่ละเรื่องเป็นของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่าน หากมีความผิดพลาดใดๆ ผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านจะรับผิดชอบบทความของตนเองแต่ผู้เดียว
