The Journal of Institute of Trainer Monk Development

Luang Pu Suang, the Earth-Playing Angel: The Role of a Powerful and Sacred Monk as an Ascetic on the Thai-Cambodian Border

2026-04-14T12:44:33+07:00

This article aims to study the interpretation of the role of Luang Pu Suang, the “Earth-Playing Angel”, as an ascetic monk on the Thai-Cambodian border, believed to possess supernatural powers and sanctity, through an analysis of related documents and online media. The study reveals that Luang Pu Suang had a mysterious biography and a reclusive lifestyle, outside the mainstream monastic institution. His silence and the enigmatic nature of his longevity shaped his image as an “exorcist” possessing meditative and supernatural abilities, forming the foundation of his authority and public devotion. His role is prominent both as a master of asceticism and as a miracle worker. Stories of shortening distances, having inexhaustible food or transforming money into relics through prayer reflect his power over material things. At the same time, his concise teachings, such as “It belongs to him”, reinforce the principle of non-attachment and align with the three meritorious deeds: generosity, morality and meditation, the core principles he established. Following his passing, his influence was institutionalized at Wat Phai Pattana and expanded into ritual, economic and faith-based tourism dimensions. Sacred objects and annual anniversaries have transformed faith into social and economic power. However, the most important legacy remains the integration of the psychic world with moral principles, highlighting that lasting holiness must be based on good thoughts, good deeds and ultimate detachment.

Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva: Patterns of Pāramitā in Buddhist Narratives

2026-04-02T13:57:57+07:00

This article, Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva: Patterns of Pāramitā in Buddhist Narratives, aims to examine narrative representations of pāramitā (perfections) in Buddhism through the case study of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva within the Mahāyāna tradition. Employing documentary research methodology, the study analyzes key textual sources, particularly the Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra, along with related Theravāda and Mahāyāna scholarly works. The analytical framework integrates narrative theory with Buddhist concepts of pāramitā. The findings indicate that Buddhist narratives function as an essential medium for conveying ethical values and the Bodhisattva ideal. The accumulation of pāramitā is presented across multiple realms of existence—human, animal, and divine—each illustrating distinct dimensions of moral cultivation, including compassion, patience, determination, and wisdom. In the case of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva, the narratives emphasize his great vow to liberate all sentient beings, especially those suffering in hell realms, prior to attaining Buddhahood. This reflects the Mahāyāna emphasis on altruistic liberation grounded in both great compassion and profound wisdom. The study concludes that the narratives of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva are not merely devotional literature but constitute a meaningful narrative structure that reinforces ethical conduct, elucidates karmic principles, and articulates the ultimate goal of Buddhism—the liberation of all beings from suffering.

Bhojane Mattaññutā: Developing a Buddhist Integrated Conceptual Framework for Nutritional Practice in Thai Traditional Medicine

2026-04-19T11:03:24+07:00

This article presents the development and reinterpretation of the concept of Bhojanamattannuta (moderation in consumption) from a Buddhist ethical principle into a clinical framework for guiding nutritional therapy in Thai Traditional Medicine (TTM) practice. The study is grounded in the recognition that diet plays a crucial role in physiological processes, metabolism, and chronic low-grade inflammation associated with non-communicable diseases. At the same time, standardized “one-size-fits-all” dietary approaches remain limited in practical application. In TTM, although food is considered a key determinant of elemental balance and the tri-dosha system, dietary recommendations are often based on prescriptive rules lacking a systematic framework to define “optimal moderation” in a clinically verifiable manner. This study employs a documentary analysis and synthesis of primary sources from the Pali Canon, Buddhist scholarly works, and TTM clinical knowledge, integrated with contemporary personalized medicine concepts. It proposes that Bhojanamattannuta should be elevated as a “clinical regulatory principle” functioning as a meta-clinical framework that supports flexible and rational clinical judgment. The framework aims to identify “individualized optimal moderation” through four evaluative dimensions: (1) elemental pathology and tri-dosha imbalance, (2) digestive capacity and metabolic strength, (3) differentiation between true physiological hunger and hedonic desire, and (4) the relationship between diet and disease progression. In addition, a four-dimensional decision-making model for nutritional therapy is proposed, encompassing food quantity, qualitative properties (taste and characteristics), timing of consumption, and lifestyle integration. This enables dietary recommendations to be realistically implemented within patients lived contexts. In conclusion, reinterpreting Bhojanamattannuta as a clinical framework bridges Buddhist principles with TTM clinical reasoning and modern personalized healthcare, reducing the limitations of generalized dietary advice while enhancing precision, flexibility, and sustainability in nutritional therapy.

Guidelines for Enhancing Executive Function (EF) Competencies of Early Childhood Children through Learning in the Digital Age

2026-05-27T13:38:08+07:00

This academic article aims to synthesize concepts and propose guidelines for enhancing executive function skills in early childhood through learning in the digital age. The study is based on a review and analysis of related documents and research. The findings indicate that EF, which consists of self-control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, plays a crucial role in all aspects of child development. However, the use of digital technology alone cannot effectively develop EF without appropriate learning design. The development of EF requires activities that promote thinking, decision-making, and active engagement, along with connections to real-life situations. This article proposes key approaches, including the use of technology as a supportive tool, the design of participatory learning activities, and the role of teachers and parents as facilitators. It also presents a conceptual model illustrating the relationships among factors involved in EF development in the digital age. The findings can serve as guidelines for designing learning experiences that effectively enhance thinking skills in early childhood

Human Birth: A View of Suffering in the Theravada Buddhist Worldview for the Development of a Peaceful Life

2026-05-22T12:43:02+07:00

This academic article aims to analyze the value and ontological significance of human birth under the philosophical paradox between the views that birth is suffering and human birth is difficult to obtain according to Theravada Buddhist philosophy. The results of the study show that attaining the human state is considered a happy realm and a golden opportunity of perform present karma to rectify or alleviate the consequences of past kama. The positive dimension of suffering in Buddhist philosophy is not viewed in a discouraged or pessimistic way but is viewed according to reality to be used as a driving force through the process of creating samvega functions as a catalyst that links the cycle of the birth of suffering to the path of the cessation of suffering or the supramundane path by relying on yonisomanasikara to help adjust attitudes and create a sense of urgency in Dhamma practice to fundamentally revolutionize the way of life.

However, amidst the current trends of globalization, a paradoxical situation is found where most humans still fall under the power of the three defilements which are tanha focusing only on benefits, mana focusing on power, and ditthi clinging to one’s own thoughts, resulting in a spiritual crisis and violent persecution in contemporary society. Such crisis has its foundations in the education system that focuses only on creating economic animals for competition but neglects spiritual development according to the threefold training, until self, causing stress and complex suffering. The research therefore presents a new body of knowledge through the WARM MODEL as a guideline for developing right view systematically, consisting of W which is the development of right view toword all things with wisdom, A which is the development of right view by desiring auspiciousness according to the thirty-eight blessing, R which is the development of right view according to reality through the principles of growth oriented wisdom, and M which is the development of right view through the middle path or majjhimapatipada

The posititive worldview in Theravada Buddhist philosophy indicates that life begins from emptiness without a permanent self or anatta, which opens opportunities for humans to have unlimited potential in creating meaning and value for life, like an artist who receives a blank paper to create beautiful artwork. In conclusion, human birth is beneficial because it is the only realm that can use suffering as a lesson in study and self-development to elevate the mind from a mundane state to a noble human and access true freedom which is nirvana, the state of sustainable liberation from suffering and the true ultimate goal of human life.

Dhamma Gita as an Aesthetic Skillful Means for Mindfulness Cultivation: A Comparative Study of Buddhist Perspectives and Music Therapy

2026-04-19T11:17:21+07:00

This article examines and compares the roles of dhamma Gita in Theravada Buddhism and music therapy in contemporary psychology as aesthetic skillful means for mindfulness cultivation. Employing a conceptual analysis and literature review, the study draws on Buddhist canonical sources, scholarship on religious aesthetics, and recent research in music therapy and psychology. The analysis demonstrates that although dhamma Gita and music therapy are grounded in different philosophical frameworks and pursue distinct ultimate goals, they share significant similarities at the level of mental training processes. In both traditions, sound and aesthetic experience function to support mindfulness by calming the mind, reducing mental distraction, regulating emotional states, and facilitating present-moment awareness. Within the Buddhist framework, dhamma Gita serves as a supportive means for the alleviation of suffering and the cultivation of wisdom, without being regarded as an end in itself. In contrast, contemporary music therapy employs sound as a psychological tool to enhance self-regulation, mental well-being, and quality of life. By synthesizing these two perspectives, this article proposes an integrative framework that deepens cross-disciplinary understanding of the role of aesthetics in mindfulness practice and highlights its potential applications in both religious practice and modern mental health contexts.

Technology Leadership and Learning Organization in School Under Local Administration Organization in Nakhonpathom

2026-04-02T13:51:37+07:00

The purposes of this research were to determine 1) The technology leadership of school administrators 2) The learning organization of school and 3) The relationship between technology leadership and learning organization in school under the Local Administrative Organization in Nakhonpathom Province. This research is a descriptive study. The sample of this research consisted of 19 schools in the Local Administrative Organization in Nakhonpathom Province. The four respondents form each school consisted of a school director, deputy director, and two teachers, resulting in a total of 76 respondents. The research instrument was opinionnaire about the technological leadership and the learning organization. The statistical analysis was frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. The results of this research were as follows 1. The technology leadership of school administrators under the Local Administrative Organizations in Nakhonpathom Province was at a high level, ranking from the highest to the lowest arithmetic mean as follows: equity and citizenship advocate, empowering leader, connected learner, visionary planner, and systems designer, respectively. 2. The learning organization of schools under the Local Administrative Organizations in Nakhonpathom Province was at the highest level, ranking from the highest to the lowest arithmetic mean as follows: organization subsystem, learning subsystem, people subsystem, the technology subsystem, and knowledge subsystem, respectively. 3. The relationship between technology leadership and learning organization of schools under the Local Administrative Organizations in Nakhonpathom Province were high positive level of correlation, with .01 significance level.

The Development of Creative Problem-Solving Abilities and Science Communication Skills for Fifth Grade Students with Creativity-Based Learning Management and Questioning Techniques

2026-04-04T12:11:08+07:00

The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the development of creative problem-solving abilities of students after being taught using Creativity-Based Learning (CBL) management and Questioning Techniques; 2) to study the development of science communication skills of students after being taught using Creativity-Based Learning (CBL) management and Questioning Techniques; 3) to compare the learning outcomes of students before and after being taught using Creativity-Based Learning (CBL) management and Questioning Techniques; 4) to study the satisfaction of fifth-grade students after being taught using Creativity-Based Learning (CBL) management and Questioning Techniques. The research design employed in this study was pre-experimental research. The study's sample comprised 24 fifth-grade students from Watlantakfa School (first semester, academic year 2025), obtained via cluster random sampling by drawing lots. The research instruments consisted of: 1) lesson plans on the topic of Living Things and the Environment, 2) an achievement test on the topic of Living Things and the Environment, 3) an evaluation of creative problem-solving abilities, 4) an evaluation of science communication skills, and 5) a student satisfaction questionnaire. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and a dependent t-test. The research findings were as follows: 1) The students' creative problem-solving abilities improved after receiving the learning management, with their overall abilities being at a high level; 2) The students' science communication skills improved after receiving the learning management; 3) The students' learning outcomes after receiving the Creativity-Based Learning (CBL) management and Questioning Techniques were significantly higher than those before learning at the .05 level of statistical significance; and 4) The satisfaction of the fifth-grade students toward the Creativity-Based Learning (CBL) management and Questioning Techniques was at a high level.

Skills of School Administrators in the 21st Century Under Narathiwat Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

2026-03-30T15:09:37+07:00

The objectives of this research were: 1) to study the levels of 21st-century skills of school administrators; 2) to compare these skills based on administrative experience and school size; and 3) to explore guidelines for developing 21st-century skills among school administrators under the Narathiwat Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative research. The sample consisted of 310 teachers in primary schools under the Narathiwat Primary Educational Service Area Office 2, determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table and selected via stratified and simple random sampling. Key informants for interviews included 3 school administrators selected through purposive sampling. The research instruments were a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire, and a semi-structured interview form. Data were collected via online questionnaires and analyzed using a statistical package to determine frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, One-Way ANOVA, and Scheffé’s post-hoc test. The research findings revealed that: 1) the overall level of 21st-century skills among school administrators was at the highest level. The highest mean was observed in critical and creative thinking skills, followed by communication skills, interpersonal skills, and digital technology skills, while organizational management skills had the lowest mean. 2) Comparative analysis showed no significant difference in administrators' skills when classified by administrative experience. However, when classified by school size, significant differences were found at the .05 level in overall skills, specifically in organizational management and digital technology skills.
3) Guidelines for skill development include implementing "Put the Right Man on the Right Job" strategies, utilizing data-driven decision-making, promoting open two-way communication, integrating digital technology applications, and fostering a supportive environment to drive educational institutions toward sustainable adaptation in a changing world.

A Structural Model of Buddhist Transmission and Propagation for Sustainability and Identity Maintenance of the Thai Ethnic Community in Myeik, Myanmar

2026-03-24T15:13:46+07:00

This study employs a qualitative research approach with the objective of testing a structural model of the transmission and dissemination of Buddhism within the Thai ethnic community in Myeik City, Myanmar. The study focuses on analyzing causal relationships among latent variables within a cross-border and multicultural context. The data collection for this research will be conducted with a purposive sample of 25 key informants, including local leaders, experts, distinguished individuals, and representatives of the Thai community in Myiek. The research tool used is an interview questionnaire that has been reviewed and validated by experts. The findings reveal that the model of Buddhist transmission and dissemination in the Myeik community operates as a Dynamic Holistic System, comprising five interrelated dimensions: (1) the Buddhist doctrinal core, (2) cultural meaning-making, (3) identity reproduction, (4) social capital, and (5) digital adaptation. Hypothesis testing indicates that the Buddhist doctrinal core functions as a central value axis, exerting a positive influence on both cultural meaning-making and the reproduction of Thai ethnic identity. These processes, in turn, contribute to the accumulation of social capital in the form of trust and cooperation within the community. Furthermore, the study identifies a feedback loop relationship, particularly highlighting how digital adaptation enhances the capacity for meaning making and strengthens identity reproduction in the modern world. The study concludes that the sustainability of Buddhist transmission in a cross-border context does not arise solely from the preservation of traditional forms, but rather from a dynamic equilibrium between maintaining the essence of Buddhist teachings and adapting structurally and communicatively to align with multicultural societies and the digital age. This model can serve as a strategic prototype for the dissemination of Buddhism and the preservation of Thai ethnic identity in other neighboring countries with similar contexts.

The Development to Reading Comprehensive Ability of Grade 3 Students by Task-Based Learning with Gamification

2026-04-05T18:32:36+07:00

This research aimed to investigate: 1) compare the reading comprehension abilities of Grade 3 students before and after the implementation of task-based learning with gamification, and 2) examine the satisfaction of Grade 3 students toward this learning management approach. This study utilized experimental research design. The population used in this study consisted of Grade 3 students studying in the Siprachan Development Group under the Suphanburi Primary Educational Service Area Office 1 There were 9 schools involved, with a total of 109 students. The sample consisted of 15 Grade 3 students currently studying at Watpaphrachao School in Siprachan District, Suphan Buri Province, obtained through simple random sampling using the school as the sampling unit. The research instruments included: 1) lesson plans based on task-based learning with gamification, 2) a reading comprehension ability test, and 3) a satisfaction questionnaire regarding learning management. Data were analyzed using mean (M), standard deviation (SD), and the dependent samples t-test. The research findings revealed that: 1) the reading comprehension abilities of Grade 3 students after receiving the Task-Based Learning integrated with Gamification were significantly higher than before the intervention. The post-test mean score (M = 25.80, SD = 3.68) was higher than the pre-test mean score (M = 10.40, SD = 2.72) at a .05 level of statistical significance and 2) the satisfaction of Grade 3 students toward the Task-Based Learning integrated with Gamification was at a high level (M = 2.71, SD = 0.17)

Managerial Skills of School Administrators Affecting the Happy Organization in Schools Under Nakhon Pathom Primary Education Service Area Office 2

2026-04-16T11:32:42+07:00

The objectives of this research article were: 1) To investigate the levels of administrative skills of school administrators under the Nakhon Pathom Primary Educational Service Area Office 2; 2) To examine the levels of happy workplace organization within schools under the Nakhon Pathom Primary Educational Service Area Office 2; and 3) To determine the administrative skills of school administrators that affect the development of a happy workplace organization in schools under the Nakhon Pathom Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. This research article is a descriptive study. The sample group consisted of 310 teachers under the Nakhon Pathom Primary Educational Service Area Office 2, obtained through proportional stratified random sampling based on school size. The research instrument was a questionnaire. Statistical methods used for data analysis included frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The findings of this research were as follows: 1) Administrative skills of school administrators: The overall level was at the highest level. When considering individual aspects, the levels ranged from "high" to "highest." Decision-making skills were at the highest level, followed by interpersonal skills and communication skills, while conceptual skills were ranked last. 2) The level of being a Happy Organization: The overall level was at a high level. Individual aspects ranged from "high" to "highest." Professional development and career growth were at the highest level, followed by social well-being (kindness and generosity), ethics and gratitude, while financial well-being was ranked last. 3) Administrative skills affecting the Happy Organization: Conceptual skills (X₃), time management skills (X₇), interpersonal skills (X₂), and diagnostic skills (X₄) significantly influenced the status of the school as a Happy Organization at the percentage of 58.70 with statistical significance level of .01.

The Hermeneutics Buddhadhamma on S.E.A Write Poetry

2026-04-14T10:01:56+07:00

In this dissertation, three objectives were purposely made: 1) to study the characteristics of poetry that has received the S.E.A. Write Award; 2) to analyze the Buddhist principles (Buddhadhamma) reflected in such poetry; and 3) to interpret the Buddhist principles embedded within S.E.A. Write Award-winning poetry. This study employs qualitative documentary research, with data collected from S.E.A. Write Award-winning poetry collections and the Tipitaka. The data were analyzed through Buddhist hermeneutic approaches. The findings related to the first objective showed that S.E.A. Write Award-winning poetry demonstrates a wide range of poetic forms while maintaining distinctive linguistic identity and aesthetic value. In terms of content, the poetry addresses lifestyles, social issues, beliefs, morality, and ethics through both realistic and symbolic literary techniques, conveying human experiences within contemporary social contexts. Beyond its literary function, S.E.A. Write poetry serves as an intellectual space for social critique and the transmission of spiritual and intellectual values, thereby fostering a deeper understanding of the relationship between literature, humanity, and society. The findings for the second objective showed that Buddhadhamma is systematically conveyed through literary structures that reflect dimensions of mind, wisdom, perseverance, merit (kusala), and faith (saddha). These findings highlight that S.E.A. Write poetry functions as a cultural mechanism that connects literature, lived experience, and Buddhist truth within contemporary society. With respect to the third objective, the study showed that key Buddhist principles in Theravada Buddhism appear in S.E.A. Write poetry as “states of nature” (sabhavadhamma) closely linked to lived experiences rather than as abstract doctrinal teachings. Buddhadhamma is presented through poetic imagery, metaphors, and symbols, creating a contemplative space that encourages reader awareness in accordance with the process of mental cultivation (bhavana). The analysis reflects processes of mental development, intellectual cultivation, and the relinquishment of attachment (upadana) as experienced by ordinary beings in contemporary society. Consequently, S.E.A. Write Award-winning poetry functions as a skillful means (upaya) and a cultural–spiritual mechanism that effectively bridges literature, humanity, and Buddhist truth.

Human Resource Management and School Effectiveness Under Nakhon Pathom Secondary Educational Service Area Office

2026-04-22T16:32:53+07:00

This research article aimed to 1) study the human resource management of school 2) study the school effectiveness and 3) study the relationship between human resource management and school effectiveness in school under Nakhon Pathom Secondary Educational Service Area Office. This research is a descriptive study. The sample consisted of 28 schools in the Nakhon Pathom Secondary Educational Service Area Office, with the sample size determined using the Krejcie and Morgan via simple random sampling, yielding 112 respondents. The research instrument was an opinionnaire with a reliability coefficient of .990. The statistics used for data analysis included frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient. The results of this research were as follows 1. The human resource management of school under Nakhon Pathom Secondary Educational Service Area Office was at a high level. When considering each aspect, all were at a high level. Ranked from the highest to the lowest arithmetic mean, the aspects were: employee relations, performance management and appraisal, recruitment and placement, compensation, and training and development, respectively. 2. The school effectiveness of school under Nakhon Pathom Secondary Educational Service Area Office was at the high level. When considering each aspect, all were at a high level. Ranked from the highest to the lowest arithmetic mean, the aspects were: continuous learning, goal, process, satisfaction, and resource, respectively. 3. The relationship between human resource management and school effectiveness of schools under Nakhon Pathom Secondary Educational Service Area Office were high positive level of correlation, with .01 significance level. This indicates a strong direct relationship between the two variables. The findings generated new knowledge indicating that when human resource management is at a high level, the school effectiveness is correspondingly at a high level as well.

The Leadership Challenge of School Administrator and Organizational Commitment of Teacher Under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office Suphanburi

2026-04-27T10:49:28+07:00

This research article aims to 1) examine The Leadership Challenge of School Administrator. 2) examine Organizational Commitment of Teacher in schools. and 3) determine the relationship between The Leadership Challenge of School Administrator and Organizational Commitmentof Teacher in schools. This study is descriptive research. The population and sample consisted of schools under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office Suphanburi. The sample size was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan table, resulting in 28 schools.The instruments were opinionnaire on The Leadership Challenge of School Administrator and opinionnaire on Organizational Commitment of Teacher in schools. The statistics included frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient. The research findings revealed that 1) The Leadership Challenge of School Administrators, in overall, was at a high level. When considered by each aspect, it was found that was at a high level in all aspects. Ranking by the arithmetic mean from highest to lowest were: Enabling Other to Act, Challenging the Process, Encouraging the Heart, inspiring a Shared Vision, and Modeling the Way, respectively. 2) Organizational Commitment of Teachers, in overall was at the highest level. When considered by each aspect, it was found that teachers’ organizational commitment was at the highest level in two aspects. Ranking by arithmetic mean from highest to lowest were: Normative Commitment and Affective Commitment. One aspect was at a high level, namely Continuance Commitment, respectively. 3) The relationship between the Leadership Challenge of School Administrators and Organizational Commitment of Teachers were significantly related at the .01 level. The relationship was a positive correlation at a high level.

The Effects of the Bingo: Stop in Time, Life Won’t Be Ruined Activity on the Attitudes toward E-Cigarette Use of Lower Secondary School Students

2026-04-25T16:28:40+07:00

This research has two objectives: 1) to compare attitudes toward e-cigarettes before and after using the "Bingo Stop, Live Enough, Life Unbroken" activity set among lower secondary students at Wat Thong Khung School "Phairoj Prachasarn," and 2) to develop the "Bingo Stop, Live Enough, Life Unbroken" activity set for lower secondary students at Wat Thong Khung School "Phairoj Prachasarn." This is an experimental study. The population and sample consisted of lower secondary students at Wat Thong Khung School "Phairoj Prachasarn," aged 13-15 years old. The sample was purposefully selected, totaling 38 students, with 15 males and 23 females. Data collection tools included a teaching management set consisting of 3 lesson plans, which showed a Content Validity Index (CVI) of 1.00, and an attitude measurement questionnaire about e-cigarettes, with an Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) value ranging from 0.67 to 1.00. The statistics used were mean, standard deviation, and t-test. The research findings showed that: revealed that the mean attitude scores toward e-cigarettes after learning were higher than those before learning at a statistically significant level of .05. Specifically, the mean scores for the three weeks after learning were 2.38, 2.83, and 3.18, compared to before learning scores of 2.17, 2.44, and 2.99. The development of the "Bingo Stop, Live Enough, Life Unbroken" activity set, based on the Love Model, was found to be effective for use in activities related to e-cigarettes. It produced positive learning outcomes by changing students’ attitudes toward e-cigarettes. The learning activities following the Love Model involved: Learners acquiring accurate knowledge about e-cigarettes through questioning and exploring information (L); expressing opinions confidently and openly listening to others' perspectives (O); appreciating health values and reflecting on what they learned (V); and becoming role models in changing negative attitudes toward e-cigarettes for themselves and others (E).

Art Creation in Status of the Proof of Empty Mind Accessed Process on the Concept of the Brain’s Initial Network System

2026-05-01T10:56:19+07:00

This research article aims to: 1) explore and design visual elements in painting that simulate high-quality mind-wandering experiences inspired by nature; 2) create open-ended artworks that stimulate self-reflection and internal experiential connections in viewers; and 3) evaluate the efficacy of painting as a tool for inducing a state of mental emptiness, based on the Default Mode Network (DMN) framework. This study employs a qualitative methodology integrated with Practice-Based Research. Key informants were selected through purposive sampling, comprising two primary expert groups: 1) specialists in visual arts and design, and 2) experts in neuroscience or cognitive psychology. The research instruments included: 1) semi-structured in-depth interviews, 2) studio-based observation and experimental logs of visual element arrangements, and 3) a series of prototype paintings serving as stimuli for perceptual evaluation. The findings reveal that: 1) Visual elements derived from nature, utilizing blurring techniques and spatial management, effectively simulate mind-wandering while significantly reducing the load on the Task Positive Network (TPN). 2) Open-ended artistic creations that minimize prescriptive forms successfully trigger self-reflection and facilitate deep connections with viewers' personal internal experiences. 3) The paintings demonstrate high efficacy as instruments for inducing mental emptiness; specifically, the rhythmic interplay of light glints and black graphic silhouettes facilitates a perceptual shift toward the Default Mode Network (DMN), thereby disrupting emotional rumination. This body of knowledge offers a contemporary artistic approach to restoring cognitive fatigue and fostering psychological balance within the complexities of modern society.

Phuket Vocational College Students’ Decisions to Study in Vocational Certificate Programs

2026-05-10T18:23:02+07:00

This research article aims to: 1) examine Phuket Vocational College students’ personal factors; 2) examine their socio-economic factors; 3) examine their decisions to study in vocational certificate programs; 4) compare the importance levels of the personal factors influencing their decisions to study in vocational certificate programs; and 5) compare the importance levels of the socio-economic factors influencing their decisions to study in vocational certificate programs. This quantitative research involved a population and sample of 240 vocational certificate students majoring in Home Economics, Food Industry, and Fashion and Textiles at Phuket Vocational College in the first semester of the academic year 2025. The sample was selected using stratified random sampling, classified by majors and grade levels. The research instrument was a questionnaire with a reliability of .984. Statistics for data analysis consisted of frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The study found that 1) The majority of the students were female sophomores majoring in Food Industry, whose cumulative grade point average (GPA) was between 3.01 and 3.50. 2) Most of the students’ parents were general laborers whose average earnings were between 10,001 and 15,000 baht per month. Most of the students made their own decisions on their programs of study. 3) Overall, the students attached considerable importance to deciding on a program of study. Considering each aspect, the highest mean score was found in the college’s image, particularly its reputation for and expertise in home economics. 4) The students’ different personal factors led to differences in their decisions on programs of study, which were statistically significant at the 0.05 level, and 5) Also, the differences in the students’ socio-economic factors resulted in their different decisions on programs of study, which were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Furthermore, the new knowledge from this research indicates that the institution's image of professional expertise is the most important mechanism in building confidence and attracting learners to decide to enroll.

Learning Management through Geographical Processes Combined with Gamification to Enhance Geographical Reasoning Abilities of Grade 8 Students

2026-05-09T18:14:44+07:00

This research article aimed to: 1) examine learning management for developing geographical reasoning ability among Grade 8 students, and 2) develop a learning management approach based on the Geographic Inquiry Process integrated with the concept of Gamification to enhance the geographical reasoning ability of Grade 8 students. This study employed a qualitative research design. Data were collected through interviews with key informants, including teachers, educational supervisors, and Grade 8 students at Samsen Wittayalai School. The research instruments used for data collection consisted of: 1) interview questions regarding current learning management practices; 2) a learning management plan based on the Geographic Inquiry Process integrated with the concept of Gamification to develop geographical reasoning ability; 3) a geographical reasoning ability test; and 4) focus group discussion questions. Data were analyzed using inductive analysis. The research findings revealed that: 1) the current learning management for developing geographical reasoning ability still faces several limitations, some geographical content is perceived as distant from students’ daily lives, which limits the connection between classroom learning and real-life contexts. Moreover, most teachers still rely primarily on lecture-based instruction, leading students to focus more on memorization rather than analytical thinking and reasoning. 2) An appropriate approach for developing geographical reasoning ability is the implementation of learning management based on the Geographic Inquiry Process to promote systematic thinking, together with the application of the Gamification concept to enhance students’ learning motivation and increase the engagement of learning activities. The results of the learning activities indicated that students demonstrated geographical reasoning ability at a good level. In addition, the focus group discussion revealed that students developed a more holistic understanding of environmental crises and were able to explain the causes, processes, and impacts of these problems in a systematic manner.

A Study of the Illuminated Boat Procession Culture in Nakhon Phanom: Artistic Creation for Environmental Awareness

2026-05-01T10:45:08+07:00

This research article aims to: 1) investigate the cultural context and the role of the Illuminated Boat Procession (Lai Ruea Fai) in Nakhon Phanom Province to establish a foundational body of knowledge for the creative process; 2) analyze the artistic forms and elements of the tradition to serve as artistic inspiration and convey the underlying concepts embedded within this cultural heritage; and 3) create an installation art piece capable of fostering environmental consciousness and awareness by presenting conservation ideals rooted in local traditions. This study employs a mixed-methods research approach, gathering qualitative data through on-site observations and in-depth interviews with illuminated boat craftsmen and participating community members. The research findings reveal that the Illuminated Boat Procession is fundamentally rooted in Buddhist ecology, centered on the acts of respecting and seeking atonement from nature. However, its contemporary elevation into commercial tourism has diluted the original spiritual values regarding environmental stewardship, a situation further exacerbated by the issues of waste and pollution in the Mekong River. Regarding artistic elements, the aesthetic appeal is derived from the structural arrangement of the boats, the meticulous design and placement of oil lamps, and traditional bamboo construction techniques. These cultural identities were integrated with the concepts of Eco-Art and Conceptual Art, utilizing reclaimed materials to create an ecological installation on the banks of the Mekong River. This artwork functions as a tangible reflection of pollution, resulting in an "Aesthetic of Paradox" that prompts critical reflection among viewers. The new body of knowledge derived from this research indicates that reinterpreting "original cultural capital" through contemporary art can serve as a potent soft power. This approach stimulates a behavioral transition, moving the audience from being mere observers of a ritual toward becoming active protectors of a sustainable ecosystem.

The Creation of Furniture Design in Contemporary Cultural Context: A Case Study of lu Mien Ethnic Legends, Ban Pang Prik, Pong District, Phayao Province

2026-05-01T10:51:03+07:00

This research article aims to achieve the following objectives: 1) to study, analyze, and interpret the legend of ‘Pan Hu’ through a process of transforming the cultural semiotics of the Iu Mien ethnic group into a contemporary furniture design language; 2) to study and collect traditional craftsmanship for application in creative work; and 3) to create contemporary furniture prototypes to address modern lifestyles. This study is conducted to transcend the limitations imposed by ‘Cultural Freezing,’ which causes traditional identity and wisdom to become disconnected from contemporary social contexts. Consequently, this research serves as a tool to transform abstract signs into a ‘Living Heritage’ through concrete design, thereby distinctly elevating creative economic value. study utilizes a qualitative research methodology. The purposive sample consists of experts in Iu Mien culture and history, groups of traditional craftsmen, and local sages within the Ban Mai Pang Ka area, Pong District, Phayao Province. Research instruments used for data collection comprise semi-structured interviews and observations. The gathered data were subsequently analyzed using content analysis and design synthesis. The research findings: 1) The analysis and interpretation of the Pan Hu legend led to the synthesis of a modular structure, extracting criteria from the textile embroidery grid system to divide the piece into 12 distinct sub-modules, which serve as symbolic representations of the 12 Iu Mien clans; 2) The integration of traditional craftsmanship with migration logic resulted in the development of an interlocking mechanism for flat-pack furniture, addressing space constraints in contemporary contexts; and 3) The furniture prototypes successfully convey aesthetics through hidden structural codes, creating an interactive assembly experience that stimulates concentration and mindfulness, ultimately enabling users to access a personal space of tranquility. This body of knowledge presents a novel approach for the design industry to transform ethnic heritage into a living legacy relevant to modern life. Furthermore, it generates a positive impact on the community by sustaining traditional wisdom beyond cultural stagnation and elevating creative economic value through a sustainable redefinition of cultural design.

The Development of Problem-Based Learning Management with Board Games to Promote Digital Citizenship Skills for Grade 6 Students

2026-05-10T14:28:23+07:00

The objectives of this research were to: 1) investigate the baseline data and need requirements for developing a problem-based learning management with board games to promote digital citizenship skills; and 2) examine the effectiveness of this developed learning management approach, this study employed a Research and Development (R&D) design. The sample consisted of 38 sixth-grade students from Class 6/1 at Wat Don Yai Hom School (Luang Phor Ngern Oupatham), selected through cluster random sampling. The research instruments included: 1) problem-based learning management plans integrated with board games, 2) a digital citizenship skills development assessment form, and 3) a student satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, one-way repeated measures ANOVA, and content analysis. The research findings revealed that: 1) the developed of problem-based learning management with board games to promote digital citizenship skills for sixth-grade students comprised six steps: (1) presenting the situation to define the problem, (2) understanding the problem, (3) conducting investigation and gathering information, (4) selecting problem-solving methods through board game activities, (5) summarizing and evaluating answers, and (6) presenting and evaluating outcomes. 2) Regarding the effectiveness of the learning management approach, it was found that: 2.1) throughout the intervention, students' digital citizenship skills sequentially increased; and 2.2) after experiencing the problem-based learning management approach integrated with board games, the students' satisfaction was at a high level.

Effects of Using Learning Management based on Scenario-Based Learning on Empathy and Happiness in Learning of Upper Secondary Students

2026-05-01T10:38:25+07:00

The purposes of this research were to 1) compare the empathy of high school students before and after receiving learning management 2) study the empathy of high school students who received learning management 3) compare the happiness in learning of high school students before and after receiving learning management and 4) study the happiness in learning of high school students who received learning management based on scenario-based learning. This study employed an experimental research design. The sample consisted of 10 Mathayom Suksa 4 students from Bang Tabun Witthaya School during the 2025 academic year, selected through cluster sampling. The instruments used consisted of three lesson plans based on the scenario-based learning approach, a scale for measuring empathy among upper secondary school students, and a scale for measuring learning happiness among upper secondary school students. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and the dependent t-test. The research findings were as following: 1) The empathy of high school students who received learning management based on scenario-based learning was significantly higher after the intervention than before learning, at a statistical significance level of .05. 2) The average empathy score of high school students who received learning management based on scenario-based learning was at a high level. 3) The happiness in learning of high school students who received learning management based on scenario-based learning was significantly higher after the intervention than before learning, at a statistical significance level of .05. 4) The average happiness in learning score of high school students who received learning management based on scenario-based learning was at a high level.

Academic Administration of Educational Institution Administrators Under Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office

2026-05-17T11:43:32+07:00

The purposes of this research were to: 1) study the level of academic administration of educational institution administrators; 2) compare academic administration practices of educational institution administrators classified by gender, administrative experience, and school size; and 3) synthesize recommendations for academic administration of educational institution administrators under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office. This study employed a quantitative research design. The population consisted of 1,621 teachers under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office during the 2025 academic year. A sample of 310 teachers was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan sample size table. Stratified sampling based on school size and simple random sampling without replacement were employed in accordance with population proportions. The research instrument was a questionnaire concerning the academic administration practices of educational institution administrators under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office. The questionnaire covered six dimensions of academic administration and employed a five-point rating scale. The Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) was 0.67 or higher, and the overall reliability coefficient was .938. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent samples t-test, and F-test (One-way ANOVA). The findings revealed that: 1) the overall level of academic administration of educational institution administrators under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office was at the highest level. 2) The comparison of academic administration indicated that administrators with different genders showed no significant differences in overall academic administration. However, administrators with different administrative experiences and those working in schools of different sizes demonstrated statistically significant differences in overall academic administration. 3) Recommendations for academic administration included promoting training programs to develop flexible and modern school curricula, providing continuous budgetary support and resources for enhancing teachers’ information technology tail.

Academic Administration of School Administrators in the 21st Century Under Songkhla Primary Educational Service Area Office 2

2026-05-16T09:16:42+07:00

The research article was to: 1) study the level of academic administration of school administrators in the 21^st century; 2) compare the academic administration of school administrators in the 21^st century, classified by teachers’ general characteristics, including educational level, work experience, and school size; and 3) collect recommendations for developing academic administration of school administrators in the 21^st century under the Songkhla Primary Educational Service Area Office 2. This study employed a quantitative research design. The population consisted of 1,279 teachers under the Songkhla Primary Educational Service Area Office 2 in the academic year 2025. The sample size was determined using Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size table. Stratified random sampling based on school size was employed. The research instrument was a questionnaire concerning opinions toward the academic administration of school administrators in the 21st century. The Index of Item–Objective Congruence (IOC) ranging from 0.67 to 1.00 and a reliability coefficient of 0.975. The statistics used for data analysis were percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, and F-test. The findings were as follows: 1) the academic administration of school administrators in the 21^st century was at a high level overall and in each aspect, with the highest mean found in the aspect of school curriculum development; 2) the comparison of academic administration showed that teachers with different work experiences had overall statistically significant differences at the .01 level; and 3) the recommendations for developing academic administration indicated that: (1) school administrators should develop a proactive supervision system emphasizing participation in classroom activities and continuous supervision evaluation, (2) they should promote diverse learning management focusing on student outcomes, and (3) they should continuously develop teachers’ digital skills.

The Development of Mathematical Communication Skills and Attitudes towards Mathematics Through Cooperative Learning with Board Games Grade 7 Students

2026-05-21T17:08:51+07:00

The objectives of this research were 1) to study the development of mathematical communication skills of Grade 7 students through cooperative learning activities integrated with board games of linear equations with one variable, and 2) to investigate students’ attitudes toward mathematics after participating in the learning activities. This research was an experimental study. The population and sample consisted of Grade 7 students at Watratrangsan (Khanma Anurat) School during the second semester of the 2025 academic year. The research was conducted over a period of four weeks, with three hours of instruction per week, totaling 12 hours, excluding the pre-test and post-test sessions. The research instruments included cooperative learning lesson plans integrated with board games. The instructional process consisted of five stages: 1) preparation, 2) instructional activities, 3) group activities and board game implementation, 4) performance checking and testing, and 5) lesson conclusion and evaluation. All lesson plans demonstrated an Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) of 1.00. The mathematical communication skills assessment had IOC values ranging from 0.80 to 1.00, while the mathematics attitude questionnaire showed an IOC value of 1.00. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (Repeated Measures ANOVA), mean, and standard deviation. The results found that: 1) the mean scores of students’ mathematical communication skills continuously improved throughout the study, and 2) students’ attitudes toward mathematics after participating in the cooperative learning activities integrated with board games on linear equations with one variable were at the highest level overall.

The Relationship between 21st Century Leader Skills of School Administrators and Teacher Job Happiness Under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office

2026-05-15T10:49:40+07:00

This research article aims to: 1) study the level of 21st-century leader skills of school administrators; 2) examine the level of work happiness of teachers; 3) investigate the relationship between the 21st-century leadership skills of school administrators and the work happiness of teachers; and 4) gather suggestions for enhancing teachers' work happiness under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office. This study employed a quantitative research methodology. The population consisted of 1,621 teachers under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office during the fiscal year 2025. Subsequently, stratified random sampling was applied based on school size, followed by simple random sampling using a lottery method without replacement. The research instruments used for data collection were questionnaires regarding the 21st-century leadership skills of school administrators and the work happiness of teachers under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office, using a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean, standard deviation, correlation test. The research findings revealed that: 1) the 21st-century leadership skills of school administrators under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office were at a high level ( = 4.17, S.D. = 0.83); 2) the work happiness of teachers under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office was also at a high level (= 4.25, S.D. = 0.71); 3) the overall relationship between the 21st-century leadership skills of school administrators and the work happiness of teachers under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office showed a statistically significant strong positive correlation at the .01 level; and 4) suggestions for enhancing teachers' work happiness under the Satun Primary Educational Service Area Office were categorized into 4 aspects: 1) Administrative and peer support; 2) Professional development: communication skills should be emphasized; 3) Work-life balance: tasks should be assigned based on expertise, continuous self-development should be promoted, and technology should be integrated; 4) Favorable work environment.

An Analytical Study of the Patterns of the Attainment of Enlightenment in the Vimuttāyatana Sutta

2026-05-22T12:39:49+07:00

This research has three objectives: 1) to study the structure and content of the Vimuttāyatana Sutta; 2) to examine the patterns of the attainment of enlightenment in the Vimuttāyatana Sutta; and 3) to analyze the five patterns of the attainment of enlightenment presented in the Vimuttāyatana Sutta. This study is qualitative research, employing both documentary research and fieldwork research through the study of the Tipiṭaka, commentaries, academic books, and related studies, together with data collection through in-depth interviews with seventeen key informants from three groups: Buddhist scholars, founders or heads of Dhamma practice centers, abbots, or vipassanā teachers, and Dhamma practitioners. The data were analyzed through descriptive content analysis and interpretive synthesis. The research findings revealed that the Vimuttāyatana Sutta presents five bases of liberation: listening to the Dhamma, instructing the Dhamma, reciting the Dhamma, contemplating the Dhamma, and cultivating a meditation sign. All five share a common Dhamma process: when one realizes and deeply appreciates the meaning and the Dhamma, this gives rise to the Dhamma-samādhi or Virtues Making for Firmness in the Dhamma, namely gladness, rapture, tranquility, happiness, and concentration, which forms an important foundation for liberation. The rapture factor of enlightenment serves as a supportive condition for the further development of vipassanā, culminating in enlightenment. The researcher proposes a model of the patterns of the attainment of enlightenment in the Vimuttāyatana Sutta, namely the LIGHT Model, comprising Listen, Instruct, Grasp by Recitation, Hold and Contemplate, and Train through Samādhi. This model systematically explains liberation as presented in the Vimuttāyatana Sutta through the dimensions of learning, practice, and realization. Each component can independently lead to liberation, or they may be used together according to the temperament of each individual. The outcome leading to liberation is that the mind not yet liberated becomes liberated, the taints not yet destroyed come to destruction, and the unsurpassed security from bondage not yet attained is attained.

Administrative Management Model Using the APIRE Process toward Digital Organization Transformation

2026-05-23T15:57:29+07:00

This research article aimed to 1) develop a management model using the APIRE process toward becoming a digital organization, and 2) examine the appropriateness, feasibility, and usefulness of the management model using the APIRE process toward becoming a digital organization. This study employs a mixed-methods, multi-phase research design. The sample consists of 12 extra-large secondary schools for the 2025 academic year. The research instruments included: 1) the management model using the APIRE process toward becoming a digital organization, and 2) an evaluation form assessing the appropriateness, feasibility, and usefulness of the management model. Data analysis was conducted based on experts’ opinions toward the developed model by using mean and standard deviation. Research findings indicate that: 1. The findings of the development of the management model using the APIRE process toward becoming a digital organization revealed that the model consisted of: (1) principles and concepts, (2) objectives, (3) management components based on the APIRE process toward becoming a digital organization, (4) management procedures based on the APIRE process toward becoming a digital organization, and (5) success indicators. 2. The evaluation results regarding the appropriateness, feasibility, and usefulness of the management model using the APIRE process toward becoming a digital organization indicated that, overall, the model was rated at the highest level in terms of appropriateness, feasibility, and usefulness.

A Model of Practicing Puññakiriyā-vatthu for Strengthening the Stability of Saddhamma

2026-06-12T16:53:48+07:00

This research aimed to (1) study the concepts of practicing Puññakiriyā-vatthu in Buddhism; (2) synthesize the concepts and principles of Puññakiriyā-vatthu practice that contribute to the stability of Saddhamma; and (3) propose a model of practicing Puññakiriyā-vatthu for strengthening the stability of Saddhamma that is appropriate for contemporary society. This study employed a qualitative research methodology. Data were collected from the Tipiṭaka, commentaries, academic publications, and related research works, together with in-depth interviews, including Buddhist scholars, Vipassanā meditation teachers, Buddhist administrators, and lay Buddhists actively engaged in promoting Buddhist activities. The data were analyzed through content analysis and conceptual synthesis. The findings revealed that Puññakiriyā-vatthu constitutes the Buddhist principle of meritorious conduct. In the Tipiṭaka, it appears as the three bases of meritorious action, namely Dānamaya, Sīlamaya, and Bhāvanāmaya. The commentarial tradition later expanded these into ten bases of meritorious action, namely Dānamaya, Sīlamaya, Bhāvanāmaya, Apacāyanamaya, Veyyāvaccamaya, Pattidānamaya, Pattānumodanāmaya, Dhammassavanamaya, Dhammadesanāmaya, and Diṭṭhujukamma. These ten forms comprehensively promote individual development, social harmony, and the continuation of Buddhism. The new body of knowledge generated by this research is the interpretation of the ten Puññakiriyā-vatthu as a systematic framework for developing the Fourfold Buddhist Community in order to strengthen the stability of Saddhamma. The researcher developed a model called the Merit-Based Saddhamma Stability Cycle Model (MBSSCM), which consists of four components. The first component, Input, comprises the ten Puññakiriyā-vatthu, with Diṭṭhujukamma serving as the central core. The second component, Process, consists of Yoniso Manasikāra (wise reflection), the Four Foundations of Mindfulness (Satipaṭṭhāna 4), and Diṭṭhujukamma, functioning as internal mechanisms. The third component, Output, is the stability of Saddhamma. The fourth component, Feedback, refers to the cyclical process whereby the benefits gained from meritorious practice generate faith, leading to deeper practice and thereby strengthening the stability of Saddhamma. This outcome, in turn, reinforces faith and encourages further engagement in meritorious actions.

A Comparative Study of The Patterns of Recollection of The Buddha in Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism

2026-05-26T10:38:58+07:00

This research article aimed to 1) study the forms of Buddhānussati meditation practice in Theravada Buddhism, 2) study the forms of Buddhānussati meditation practice in Mahayana Buddhism, and 3) comparatively study the forms of Buddhānussati meditation practice in Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. This research was qualitative research. The population and sample were 19 key informants, consisting of Buddhist scholars, meditation masters, and meditation practitioners. The tools used for data collection included document recording forms, semi-structured in-depth interview forms, and focus group discussion issues. The data analysis methods were used content analysis and thematic comparison presentation. The research results found that the form of Buddhānussati practice in Theravada Buddhism focused on the use of Self Power through the systematic recollection of the nine virtues of the Buddha to establish mindfulness and generate wisdom for the purification of one’s own defilements. Meanwhile, Mahayana Buddhism focused on the use of Other Power through faith in the Great Vows of the Buddha, the recitation of the Buddha’s name, and visualization to arouse Great Compassion and Bodhicitta for helping sentient beings. From the comparative analysis, it led to the synthesis of a new body of knowledge in the form of an Integrative Buddhānussati Practice Model for Contemporary Lifestyle that seamlessly blended the strengths of both schools. It utilized the strength of mindfulness from Theravada as a foundation for building emotional stability and the gentleness of faith from Mahayana as a driving force for opening the heart to fellow human beings. This led to the principle of Strong Inside, Gentle Outside, which was a mental innovation that helped practitioners stand firm with mindfulness while possessing love and kindness for others.

The Influence of Apology on Building of a Peaceful Society in Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism

2026-05-26T10:48:08+07:00

This research article has three objectives: 1) to study the influence of apology on building a peaceful society in Theravada Buddhism, 2) to study the influence of apology on building a peaceful society in Mahayana Buddhism, and 3) to compare the influence of apology on building a peaceful society in Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism. This research was a qualitative study. Key informants consisted of 28 key informants, including monks, Dhamma practitioners, Buddhist scholars, and experts. The tools used for data collection were activity documents and in-depth interviews. The methods used for data analysis were content analysis and thematic comparison since this is qualitative research. The research results found that an apology arises from the wrongdoer's remorse, repentance, and the desire for the affected party to forgive or grant forgiveness, which is considered a significant ethic in resolving conflicts. Theravada Buddhism emphasizes personal responsibility based on the principles of Kammassakata and Hiri-Ottappa, focusing on accepting the truth and restraint to cut the cycle of vengeance and purify the mind. Mahayana Buddhism emphasizes collective responsibility according to the Bodhisattva ideal and the principle of Sunyata, focusing on spiritual healing through boundless great compassion to dissolve the ego. When comparing the two, it was found that although they have different focal points, they share a common goal of uprooting the ego and ending violence. These principles can be integrated into the Model of Balancing Truth and Compassion by using the firmness in accepting the truth from the Theravada approach to create justice, combined with the gentleness of forgiveness from the Mahayana approach for mental healing. This helps transform wrongdoers into good friends and creates a safe social space conducive to peaceful coexistence.

An Integration of the Self-Development Model in the Tipiṭaka through the Practice of the Doctrinal Principles Presented in Avijjā Sutta

2026-06-09T13:39:13+07:00

This research article has three objectives: 1) to study the structure and essential contents of the Avijjā Sutta in the Tipiṭaka; 2) to study the process of self-development in the Tipiṭaka; and 3) to analyze the process of self-development according to the Avijjā Sutta. This study is qualitative research, employing documentary research methodology by studying the data from the Tipiṭaka, commentaries, and related academic documents. The collected data were then analyzed, synthesized, and presented through descriptive analysis. The research findings reveal that the Avijjā Sutta contains two important structural streams: the declining stream, or the nutriment of ignorance, and the progressive stream, or the nutriment of knowledge and liberation. The declining stream begins with not associating with true persons, not listening to the true Dhamma, lack of faith, unwise attention, lack of mindfulness and clear comprehension, non-restraint of the sense faculties, the three kinds of misconduct, the five hindrances, and finally leads to ignorance. The progressive stream begins with associating with true persons, listening to the true Dhamma, faith, wise attention, mindfulness and clear comprehension, restraint of the sense faculties, the three kinds of good conduct, the four foundations of mindfulness, the seven factors of awakening, and finally leads to knowledge and liberation. This structure shows that both streams arise in dependence upon causes and conditions. The process of self-development in the Tipiṭaka covers the body, morality, mind, and wisdom, with important doctrinal principles including the threefold training, the four developments, the four foundations of mindfulness, and the seven factors of awakening. The researcher synthesized the process of self-development according to the Avijjā Sutta into the CLEAR Model, or the model of self-development from ignorance to knowledge and liberation, consisting of five components: C = Cultivate Kalyāṇamitta; L = Listen to Saddhamma; E = Establish Faith and Wise Attention; A = Apply Mindfulness, Restraint, and Good Conduct; and R = Realize through Satipaṭṭhāna, Bojjhaṅga, and Vijjā-vimutti. The new body of knowledge shows that self-development in accordance with the Avijjā Sutta refers to a process of transforming the causal conditions that sustain ignorance into those that foster knowledge and liberation by arranging both external and internal causes and conditions to support the arising of right view and the progression into the progressive stream of the Avijjā Sutta.

Buddhist Integration for Quality-of-Life Development Model in Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta

2026-06-11T13:45:26+07:00

This research article aims to (1) to study the current conditions and problems of Buddhist integration for quality of life in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, (2) to develop the Buddhist integration for quality of life in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, and (3) to propose a Buddhist integration for quality-of-life development model in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta. This is qualitative research utilizing documentary study from significant religious texts, namely the Tipitaka, commentaries, and related religious scriptures, alongside field research by conducting in-depth interviews with key informants such as Vipassana masters, meditation instructors, Buddhist scholars, and Dhamma practitioners. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive content analysis and interpretive synthesis. The research findings reveal that the quality-of-life crisis in modern society is rooted in an unbalanced lifestyle, falling into the trap of two extremes: (1) indulging in material objects and sensual pleasures (Kamasukhallikanuyoga), which leads to the problem of consumerism, and (2) self-pressure and self-mortification (Attakilamathanuyoga), which causes people to compete and work hard to the point of suffering. Therefore, to develop a sustainable quality of life, the Middle Way (Majjhima Patipada) must be applied to create a balance. Creating this balance is achieved by accepting the basic needs of humans and not rejecting material objects, but regulating them with the Noble Eightfold Path. From the aforementioned process, it leads to the development of a Buddhist integrated quality of life development model called the "M-QOL Model (Middle Path Quality of Life Model)". This begins with the realization of suffering, leading to a practical process through three complementary gears: the gear of Sila (adjusting behavior), the gear of Samadhi (adjusting the mind), and the gear of Panna (adjusting thought). The result is a balanced and sustainable quality of life encompassing all 4 dimensions: physical and economic, social, mental, and intellectual. It is a model that answers the needs of modern society and can be practically applied in daily life effectively and efficiently.

A Comparative Study of Morality from the Perspectives of Theravada Buddhism and Roman Catholic Christianity for a Peaceful Society

2026-05-26T16:03:34+07:00

This research article aims to: 1) study ethics in Theravada Buddhism; 2) study ethics in Roman Catholic Christianity; and 3) comparatively study ethics in Theravada Buddhism and Roman Catholic Christianity. This study was conducted through an analysis of scriptures, documents, and related research. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. Ethics in Theravada Buddhism: It was found that the Five Precepts (Pañcasīla) constitute the fundamental and essential practical principles, established to address ethical decline within society. These precepts function as a regulatory mechanism for bodily and verbal conduct based on respect for the rights and dignity of others. Furthermore, they represent a vital component of the Threefold Training (Ti-sikkhā), which facilitates mental development toward concentration (Samādhi) and wisdom (Paññā). 2. Ethics in Roman Catholic Christianity: It was found to be rooted in monotheistic faith, with the Ten Commandments serving as the sacred ethical foundation revealed through Moses as a covenant between God and humanity. This ethical framework encompasses both the relationship between humans and God and the relationship among fellow human beings, emphasizing coexistence based on love and justice. Additionally, it is interconnected with the Sacramental system for the purification of sins and living according to the Divine Will to achieve eternal salvation. 3. Comparative Analysis: Both religions share common behavioral grounds, such as the prohibition of killing, stealing, and lying, in order to establish discipline and reduce exploitation in society. However, they exhibit significant differences in conceptual structure: Buddhist ethics emphasize internal development based on the principle of causality and the Law of Kamma, with human beings as the center of self-cultivation. Conversely, Christian ethics are characterized by deontological ethics, emphasizing obedience and adherence to the Divine Law revealed by God. Nevertheless, both systems function as universal mechanisms in molding human virtue and maintaining peace amidst cultural diversity.

The Interpretation on Love as Manifested in the Karaniya Metta Sutta of Theravada Buddhism and the Mahakaruna Dharani of Mahayana Buddhism

2026-05-26T16:20:18+07:00

The objectives of this research article are: 1) to study the interpretation of love in the Metta Sutta of Theravada Buddhism; 2) to study the interpretation of love in the Mahakaruna Dharani of Mahayana Buddhism; and 3) to comparatively study the interpretation of love between the Metta Sutta of Theravada Buddhism and the Mahakaruna Dharani of Mahayana Buddhism. This qualitative research employs an interpretive approach to the Pali Canon, Mahayana sutras, and relevant research literature. The findings of the study are as follows: 1) The interpretation of love in the Metta Sutta of Theravada Buddhism: Theravada Buddhism interprets love through the dimensions of language and levels of Dhamma states (Sabhava-dhamma). Love is categorized into the levels of defilement (Raga/Sineha), attachment (Pema), and pure ethical love, which is Metta (loving-kindness). In the Metta Sutta, Metta is defined as Mettā-cetovimutti (liberation of mind through loving-kindness) or a tool for refining the mind to be free from hindrances (Nivarana). It is an unconditional and selfless (Anatta) love radiated immeasurably toward all sentient beings. 2) The interpretation of love in the Mahakaruna Dharani of Mahayana Buddhism: Mahayana Buddhism interprets love through the Bodhisattva ideal, linking it to the concept of Tathagatagarbha, which posits that all sentient beings possess an inherent pure Buddha-nature. Love in the Mahakaruna Dharani thus manifests as Mahakaruna (Great Compassion), which is inseparable from Metta and Prajna (Wisdom). Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva serves as the symbol of proactive world succor. The interpretation focuses on the state of emptiness (Sunyata) and the oneness with all sentient beings, leading to distinct practical ethics, such as vegetarianism, which reflects a love that regards other beings as equal to one’s own child. 3) Both sects aim to dissolve the ego in order to realize the ultimate truth, yet they differ in their methods and objectives based on their respective scriptural contexts. Theravada focuses on the process of analytically discerning phenomena to achieve inner peace and the cessation of suffering at the individual level, with loving-kindness serving as a key ethical stage.