Labour Attributes of Demand in Service Industries in Thailand
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Published:
Aug 31, 2019
Keywords:
Labour Attribute Service Industry Thailand
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Abstract
This research aims to investigate the labour attributes of demand in the service industry in Thailand. Conjoint analysis by a specific questionnaire (Carding-Type Survey) was designed for the study. In this study, 201 individual recruiters in service companies participated in the survey. The sample was selected from both small and large organizations covering Bangkok and major urban areas in Thailand. All the respondents were recruiters in service companies working in human resources, public relations departments, or general administration. The results found that the highest attributes (highest total utility) regarded by recruiters from companies in service industries in Thailand were being male, having a functional skill, problem solving, a higher degree and good human relation. The results are useful for human resource development agencies in order to prepare skill sets to meet needs in labor market which thereafter reduce problems occurring from labor market mismatches.
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References
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Agarwal, R., & Dahm, M. J. (2015). Success factors in independent ethnic restaurants. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 18(1), 20–33.
Adib, A, & Guerrier. Adib, A, & Guerrier. Y. (2003). The interlocking of Gender with Nationality and Ethnicity and Class. Narratives of woman in hotel work. Gender, Work and Organization, 10, 413-432.
Alge, B.J., Gresham, M.T., Heneman, R.L., Fox, J. & McMasters, R. (2002). Measuring customer service orientation using a measure of interpersonal skills: a preliminary test in a public service organization, Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(3), 467-76.
Barabasz, A. (2014). Human capital from psychoanalytic perspective. Management, 18(1), 267–279.
Beausaert, S., Gijselaers, W., Tempelaar, D., & Wilson-Wunsch, B. (2015). The making of hospitality managers: the role of knowledge in the development of expertise. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 14(2), 153-176.
Becker, D. R., & Drake, R. E. (2003). A working life for people with severe mental illness. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bloom, N, & Van Reenen, J, (2010). Why do management practices differ across firms and countries?, Journal of Economic Perspective, 24(1), 203-204.
Bouquet,C., Hebert,L., & Delios, A.(2004). Foreign expansion in service industries: separability and human capital intensity, Journal of Business Research, 57(1), 35-46.
Brady, M.K. & Cronin, J.J. (2001). Some new thoughts on conceptualizing perceived service quality: a hierarchical approach, Journal of Marketing, 65(3), 34-49.
Brouthers, K.D. & Brouthers, L.E. (2003). Why service and manufacturing entry mode choices differ: the influence of transaction cost factors, risk and trust, Journal of Management Studies, 40(5), 1179-1204.
Brown, K.M. (2007). Reconciling moral and legal collective entitlement: Implications for community-based land reform. Land Use Policy, 24(4), 633-643.
Brown. J.R, & Dew, C. (2000), Looking beyond RevPar: Productivity consequence of hotel Strategies, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40, 23-33.
Bryan K, orme (2010). Getting Started with Conjoint Analysis. Second Edition, USA, Research Publishers LLC Press.
Capo Parrilla, J, C Font, A. R, & Nadal. J. R, (2007). Accommodation determinants of seasonal pattern. Annuals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 422-436.
Catherine. C. C, Cosmas. M., & Anis. M. K, (2014), An Evaluation of Middle Management Skills in a Private Healthcare Service in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Business and Management, 4(1), 71-97.
Creswell, J. w. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods (3rded.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, Inc, p4.
Davenport, T., Prusak, L., (2002). Working Knowledge; How Organizations Management What They Know. Harvard Business School Press. Boston. MA.
Easton, F. F., (2011). Cross Training performance in Flexible Labour Scheduling Environment. IIE Trans. 43(8), 589-603.
Edinyang, S. D. Odey, C. O. & Gimba, J. (2015). Academic Factors and Graduate Employability in Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(5), 9-17, September 2015 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) 9 ISSN 2053-5686(Print), ISSN 20535694(Online).
Farrell, A., Souchon, A. and Durden, G. (2001), “Service encounter conceptualization: employees’ service behaviors and customers’ service quality perceptions”, Journal of Marketing Management, 17(5), 577-593.
Fischer, A., Sieg, J., Wallin, M., Krogh, G., (2014), What Motivates Professional Service Firm Employees to nature Client Dialogues? Service Industries Journal, 34(4), 399-421.
Fosstenlokken, S. M., Lowendahl, B. R., Revang, O., (2003). Knowledge Development through Client Interaction-A Comparative Study. Organization Study, 24(6). 859-880.
Frey. R-V., Bayon. T., Totzek, D., (2013). How Customer satisfaction affect Employee Satisfaction and Retention in a professional Services Context. Journal of Service Research, 16(4), 503-517.
Goerzen, A. and Makino, S. (2007), “Multinational corporation internationalization in the service sector: a study of Japanese trading companies”, Journal of International Business Studies, 38(7), 1149-1169.
Gursoy, D., Rahman, I. & Swanger, N. (2012). Industry's Expectations from Hospitality Schools: What has changed?, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 24(4), 32-42, doi:10.1080/10963758.2012.10696679
Ha, S., Lo, M., & Wang, Y. (2016). Relationship between knowledge management and organizational performance: A test on SMEs in Malaysia. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 224, 184–189. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.438
Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B. Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
He, W., Long, L., & Kuvaas, B. (2016). Workgroup salary dispersion and turnover intention in China: A contingent examination of individual differences and the dual deprivation path explanation. Human Resource Management, 55(2), 301–320. doi:10.1002/hrm.21674
Hellriegel, D. Jackson, S.E. Slocum, J. Staude, G. Amos, T. Klopper, H.B. Louw, L. Oosthuizen, T. (2007). Management. 3rd South African Edition. Oxford Press. Southern Africa.
Henao, C. A , Munoz, J. C, Ferrer, J. C., (2015). The Impact of Multi-skilling on personal Scheduling in the service sector: a retail industry case. Journal of Operation research, 66(12), 1949-1959.
Hopkins, M. (2002). Labor market training revisited. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Hu. B. A, & Cai, I, A, (2004), Hotel labour productivity assessment, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 16(2-3), 27-38.
Kay, C., Moncarz, E., Newman, D. (2014). Factors affecting lodging career success: an analysis of management philosophies. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 15(1), 1-18. doi:10.1080/1528008X.2014.855544
Levy, D. S. (1995). Modern marketing research techniques and the property professional. Property Management, 13(3), 33-40.
Liao, H. and Chuang, A. (2004), “A multi-level investigation of factors influencing employee service performance and customer outcomes”, Academy of Management Journal, 46(1), 41-58.
Luk, S.T.K. and Layton, R. (2004), “Service skills and service quality: an empirical analysis”, Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 3(2), 33-60.
Jang, S, S, (2004), Mitigating tourism seasonality: Quantitative approach. Annual of Tourism Research, 31(4), 819-836.
Johns, N, Howcroft, B, & Drake, L, (1997). The use of data envelopment analysis to monitor hotel productivity. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(2), 119-127.
Kappa, M, M, Nitschke, A., & Schappert, P, B. (1997). Managing Housekeeping Operations East Lansing. M1: The Educational Institute of the American Hotel and motel Association.
Kilic, H., & Okumus, F. (2005). Factors Influencing Productivity in small Island Hotels; Evidence from Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(4), 315-331.
Marrelli, Anne F, Janis Tondora, and Michael A. Hoge. (2005). Strategies for Developing Competency Models. Administration and Policy in mental Health, 32(5-6),533-561. doi:10.1007/s10488-005-3264-0
Matherly, L. L., & Al Nahyan, S. S. (2015). Workplace quotas: Building competitiveness through effective governance of national-expatriate knowledge transfer and development of sustainable human capital. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 23, 456–471. doi:10.1108/IJOA-04-2015-0855
McGurk, S. R., & Mueser, K. T. (2006). Strategies for coping with cognitive impairments of clients in supported employment. Psychiatric Services, 57(10), 1421–1429.
McPhail, R., Patiar, A., Herington, C., Creed, P., & Davidson, M. (2015). Development and initial validation of a hospitality employees’ job satisfaction index. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27, 1814–1838. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-03-2014-0132
Mullins, J.L. (2007). Management and Organizational Behavior. 8th Edition, Essex England: Prentice Hall Financial Times.
Northouse, P. G. (2010). Leadership: Theory and practice. 5th Edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Orme, B. (2010). Sample size issues for conjoint analysis studies. Sawtooth Software Research Paper Series. Retrieved from https://business.nmsu.edu/~mhyman/M310_Articles/CA_and_Sample_Size.pdf.
Parker, Barnett R., and Srinivasan, V. (1976), "A Consumer Preference Approach to the Planning of Rural Primary Health Care Facilities," Operations Research, 24(5), 991-1025.
Peterson, T.O. & Van Fleet, D.D., (2004), The ongoing legacy of R. L. Katz, an updated typology of management skill. Management Decisions, 42(10), 1297-1308.
Qiu, H., Haobin Ye, B., Hung, K., & York, Q. Y. (2015). Exploring antecedents of employee turnover intention—Evidence of China’s hotel industry. Journal of China Tourism Research, 11(1), 53–66. doi:10.1080/19388160.2014.908756
Ryu. C., Kim. Y., Chaudhury. A., (2005). Knowledge Acquisition via three Learning Processes in Enterprise Information Portals; Learning by investment, Learning by doing, and Learning from Others. MIS Quarterly, 29(2). 245-278.
Sanchez-Peinado, E., Pla-Barber, J. and He ´bert, L. (2007), “Strategic variables that influence entry mode choice in service firms”, Journal of International Marketing, 15(1), 67-91.
Schmenner. R. W., (2004). Service Businesses and Productivity. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences. 35(3), 333-347.
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 262–274.
Sigala, M. (2004). Using the Data Envelopment Analysis for Measuring and Benchmarking Productivity in the Hotel Sector. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing. 16(2/3), 39-60.
Sipe, L. J. (2016). How do senior managers influence experience innovation? Insights from a hospitality marketplace. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 54, 75–83. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.01.009
Srinivasan V, and and Shocker. (1977b), "Multi-Attribute Approaches for Product Concept Evaluation and Generation: A Critical Review," Research Paper No. 326 (Rev.), Graduate School of Business, Stanford University.
Sullivan, D. M., & Marvel, M. R. (2011). Knowledge acquisition, network reliance, and early-stage technology venture outcomes. Journal of Management Studies, 48(09), 1169–1193. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00998.x
Swanson, S. J., Becker, D. R., Drake, R., & Merrens, M. R. (2008). Supported employment: A practical guide for practitioners and supervisors. Lebanon, NH: Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center.
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Von Nordenflycht, A., (2010). What is Professional Service Firm? Toward a theory and Taxonomy of Knowledge Intensive Forms, Academy of management review.
Wilson-Wünsch, B., Beausaert, S., Tempelaar, D., & Gijselaers, W. (2015). The making of hospitality managers: The role of knowledge in the development of expertise. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 14(2), 153–176.
Witt, C, A, & Witt, S, F, (1989) Why Productivity in the Hotel Sector is Low? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 1(2). 28-34.
Yang, Y. (2014). Effect of gender and compensation on employee turnover in the Chinese hotel industry. Tourism Tribune/Lvyou Xuekan, 29(4), 38–47. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2014.04.005
Agarwal, R., & Dahm, M. J. (2015). Success factors in independent ethnic restaurants. Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 18(1), 20–33.
Adib, A, & Guerrier. Adib, A, & Guerrier. Y. (2003). The interlocking of Gender with Nationality and Ethnicity and Class. Narratives of woman in hotel work. Gender, Work and Organization, 10, 413-432.
Alge, B.J., Gresham, M.T., Heneman, R.L., Fox, J. & McMasters, R. (2002). Measuring customer service orientation using a measure of interpersonal skills: a preliminary test in a public service organization, Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(3), 467-76.
Barabasz, A. (2014). Human capital from psychoanalytic perspective. Management, 18(1), 267–279.
Beausaert, S., Gijselaers, W., Tempelaar, D., & Wilson-Wunsch, B. (2015). The making of hospitality managers: the role of knowledge in the development of expertise. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 14(2), 153-176.
Becker, D. R., & Drake, R. E. (2003). A working life for people with severe mental illness. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bloom, N, & Van Reenen, J, (2010). Why do management practices differ across firms and countries?, Journal of Economic Perspective, 24(1), 203-204.
Bouquet,C., Hebert,L., & Delios, A.(2004). Foreign expansion in service industries: separability and human capital intensity, Journal of Business Research, 57(1), 35-46.
Brady, M.K. & Cronin, J.J. (2001). Some new thoughts on conceptualizing perceived service quality: a hierarchical approach, Journal of Marketing, 65(3), 34-49.
Brouthers, K.D. & Brouthers, L.E. (2003). Why service and manufacturing entry mode choices differ: the influence of transaction cost factors, risk and trust, Journal of Management Studies, 40(5), 1179-1204.
Brown, K.M. (2007). Reconciling moral and legal collective entitlement: Implications for community-based land reform. Land Use Policy, 24(4), 633-643.
Brown. J.R, & Dew, C. (2000), Looking beyond RevPar: Productivity consequence of hotel Strategies, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40, 23-33.
Bryan K, orme (2010). Getting Started with Conjoint Analysis. Second Edition, USA, Research Publishers LLC Press.
Capo Parrilla, J, C Font, A. R, & Nadal. J. R, (2007). Accommodation determinants of seasonal pattern. Annuals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 422-436.
Catherine. C. C, Cosmas. M., & Anis. M. K, (2014), An Evaluation of Middle Management Skills in a Private Healthcare Service in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Business and Management, 4(1), 71-97.
Creswell, J. w. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods (3rded.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, Inc, p4.
Davenport, T., Prusak, L., (2002). Working Knowledge; How Organizations Management What They Know. Harvard Business School Press. Boston. MA.
Easton, F. F., (2011). Cross Training performance in Flexible Labour Scheduling Environment. IIE Trans. 43(8), 589-603.
Edinyang, S. D. Odey, C. O. & Gimba, J. (2015). Academic Factors and Graduate Employability in Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Resource Management, 3(5), 9-17, September 2015 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) 9 ISSN 2053-5686(Print), ISSN 20535694(Online).
Farrell, A., Souchon, A. and Durden, G. (2001), “Service encounter conceptualization: employees’ service behaviors and customers’ service quality perceptions”, Journal of Marketing Management, 17(5), 577-593.
Fischer, A., Sieg, J., Wallin, M., Krogh, G., (2014), What Motivates Professional Service Firm Employees to nature Client Dialogues? Service Industries Journal, 34(4), 399-421.
Fosstenlokken, S. M., Lowendahl, B. R., Revang, O., (2003). Knowledge Development through Client Interaction-A Comparative Study. Organization Study, 24(6). 859-880.
Frey. R-V., Bayon. T., Totzek, D., (2013). How Customer satisfaction affect Employee Satisfaction and Retention in a professional Services Context. Journal of Service Research, 16(4), 503-517.
Goerzen, A. and Makino, S. (2007), “Multinational corporation internationalization in the service sector: a study of Japanese trading companies”, Journal of International Business Studies, 38(7), 1149-1169.
Gursoy, D., Rahman, I. & Swanger, N. (2012). Industry's Expectations from Hospitality Schools: What has changed?, Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 24(4), 32-42, doi:10.1080/10963758.2012.10696679
Ha, S., Lo, M., & Wang, Y. (2016). Relationship between knowledge management and organizational performance: A test on SMEs in Malaysia. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 224, 184–189. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.438
Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B. Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
He, W., Long, L., & Kuvaas, B. (2016). Workgroup salary dispersion and turnover intention in China: A contingent examination of individual differences and the dual deprivation path explanation. Human Resource Management, 55(2), 301–320. doi:10.1002/hrm.21674
Hellriegel, D. Jackson, S.E. Slocum, J. Staude, G. Amos, T. Klopper, H.B. Louw, L. Oosthuizen, T. (2007). Management. 3rd South African Edition. Oxford Press. Southern Africa.
Henao, C. A , Munoz, J. C, Ferrer, J. C., (2015). The Impact of Multi-skilling on personal Scheduling in the service sector: a retail industry case. Journal of Operation research, 66(12), 1949-1959.
Hopkins, M. (2002). Labor market training revisited. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Hu. B. A, & Cai, I, A, (2004), Hotel labour productivity assessment, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 16(2-3), 27-38.
Kay, C., Moncarz, E., Newman, D. (2014). Factors affecting lodging career success: an analysis of management philosophies. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 15(1), 1-18. doi:10.1080/1528008X.2014.855544
Levy, D. S. (1995). Modern marketing research techniques and the property professional. Property Management, 13(3), 33-40.
Liao, H. and Chuang, A. (2004), “A multi-level investigation of factors influencing employee service performance and customer outcomes”, Academy of Management Journal, 46(1), 41-58.
Luk, S.T.K. and Layton, R. (2004), “Service skills and service quality: an empirical analysis”, Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality and Tourism, 3(2), 33-60.
Jang, S, S, (2004), Mitigating tourism seasonality: Quantitative approach. Annual of Tourism Research, 31(4), 819-836.
Johns, N, Howcroft, B, & Drake, L, (1997). The use of data envelopment analysis to monitor hotel productivity. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(2), 119-127.
Kappa, M, M, Nitschke, A., & Schappert, P, B. (1997). Managing Housekeeping Operations East Lansing. M1: The Educational Institute of the American Hotel and motel Association.
Kilic, H., & Okumus, F. (2005). Factors Influencing Productivity in small Island Hotels; Evidence from Northern Cyprus. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(4), 315-331.
Marrelli, Anne F, Janis Tondora, and Michael A. Hoge. (2005). Strategies for Developing Competency Models. Administration and Policy in mental Health, 32(5-6),533-561. doi:10.1007/s10488-005-3264-0
Matherly, L. L., & Al Nahyan, S. S. (2015). Workplace quotas: Building competitiveness through effective governance of national-expatriate knowledge transfer and development of sustainable human capital. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 23, 456–471. doi:10.1108/IJOA-04-2015-0855
McGurk, S. R., & Mueser, K. T. (2006). Strategies for coping with cognitive impairments of clients in supported employment. Psychiatric Services, 57(10), 1421–1429.
McPhail, R., Patiar, A., Herington, C., Creed, P., & Davidson, M. (2015). Development and initial validation of a hospitality employees’ job satisfaction index. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27, 1814–1838. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-03-2014-0132
Mullins, J.L. (2007). Management and Organizational Behavior. 8th Edition, Essex England: Prentice Hall Financial Times.
Northouse, P. G. (2010). Leadership: Theory and practice. 5th Edition, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Orme, B. (2010). Sample size issues for conjoint analysis studies. Sawtooth Software Research Paper Series. Retrieved from https://business.nmsu.edu/~mhyman/M310_Articles/CA_and_Sample_Size.pdf.
Parker, Barnett R., and Srinivasan, V. (1976), "A Consumer Preference Approach to the Planning of Rural Primary Health Care Facilities," Operations Research, 24(5), 991-1025.
Peterson, T.O. & Van Fleet, D.D., (2004), The ongoing legacy of R. L. Katz, an updated typology of management skill. Management Decisions, 42(10), 1297-1308.
Qiu, H., Haobin Ye, B., Hung, K., & York, Q. Y. (2015). Exploring antecedents of employee turnover intention—Evidence of China’s hotel industry. Journal of China Tourism Research, 11(1), 53–66. doi:10.1080/19388160.2014.908756
Ryu. C., Kim. Y., Chaudhury. A., (2005). Knowledge Acquisition via three Learning Processes in Enterprise Information Portals; Learning by investment, Learning by doing, and Learning from Others. MIS Quarterly, 29(2). 245-278.
Sanchez-Peinado, E., Pla-Barber, J. and He ´bert, L. (2007), “Strategic variables that influence entry mode choice in service firms”, Journal of International Marketing, 15(1), 67-91.
Schmenner. R. W., (2004). Service Businesses and Productivity. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Decision Sciences. 35(3), 333-347.
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 262–274.
Sigala, M. (2004). Using the Data Envelopment Analysis for Measuring and Benchmarking Productivity in the Hotel Sector. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing. 16(2/3), 39-60.
Sipe, L. J. (2016). How do senior managers influence experience innovation? Insights from a hospitality marketplace. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 54, 75–83. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.01.009
Srinivasan V, and and Shocker. (1977b), "Multi-Attribute Approaches for Product Concept Evaluation and Generation: A Critical Review," Research Paper No. 326 (Rev.), Graduate School of Business, Stanford University.
Sullivan, D. M., & Marvel, M. R. (2011). Knowledge acquisition, network reliance, and early-stage technology venture outcomes. Journal of Management Studies, 48(09), 1169–1193. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00998.x
Swanson, S. J., Becker, D. R., Drake, R., & Merrens, M. R. (2008). Supported employment: A practical guide for practitioners and supervisors. Lebanon, NH: Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center.
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Von Nordenflycht, A., (2010). What is Professional Service Firm? Toward a theory and Taxonomy of Knowledge Intensive Forms, Academy of management review.
Wilson-Wünsch, B., Beausaert, S., Tempelaar, D., & Gijselaers, W. (2015). The making of hospitality managers: The role of knowledge in the development of expertise. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 14(2), 153–176.
Witt, C, A, & Witt, S, F, (1989) Why Productivity in the Hotel Sector is Low? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 1(2). 28-34.
Yang, Y. (2014). Effect of gender and compensation on employee turnover in the Chinese hotel industry. Tourism Tribune/Lvyou Xuekan, 29(4), 38–47. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-5006.2014.04.005