การวิเคราะห์ปริมาณสารปรอทในแซลมอน ที่จำหน่ายในกรุงเทพมหานคร ประเทศไทย

Chanyanut Sripipat; Phawit Norchai

Authors

Chanyanut Sripipat -
Phawit Norchai -

Keywords:

mercury, methymercury, salmon, ICP-MS, anti-aging medicine, tolerable weekly intake

Abstract

This study was survey research by cross-sectional study aimed to determine total mercury levels in salmon products sold in Bangkok, Thailand; to compare mercury levels by country of origin and production type; and to assess health risks using the Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) established by FAO/WHO JECFA. Fifteen salmon samples were collected from supermarkets, retail stores, and online vendors in Bangkok, representing imports from four countries: Norway (n=8), Chile (n=3), the United States/Alaska (n=3), and New Zealand (n=1), including both farmed and wild-caught varieties. Total mercury was analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) following the AOAC Official Method 2015.01 at Central Thai Laboratory.

The results showed that 10 of 15 samples (66.7%) had mercury levels below the limit of detection (LOD = 0.016 mg/kg). The remaining five samples contained mercury concentrations of 0.021–0.038 mg/kg, with the highest value in New Zealand-farmed salmon (0.038 mg/kg), representing only 7.6% of the Codex Alimentarius maximum limit (≤ 0.5 mg/kg). No sample exceeded the international safety standard. All three wild-caught salmon samples had detectable mercury levels, compared with only 2 of 12 farmed salmon samples, consistent with mercury bioaccumulation through natural food chains. Risk assessment based on the TWI (1.6 µg/kg body weight/week) and a reference body weight of 60 kg indicated that the maximum safe salmon consumption ranged from 2.53 to 6.00 kg per week—substantially higher than typical dietary intake.

References

Norwegian Seafood Council.(2025). 2024 was the best year ever for Norwegian seafood exports [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. Oslo: Norwegian Seafood Council; 2025 [เข้าถึงเมื่อ 1 เมษายน 2569]. เข้าถึงได้จาก:https://en.seafood.no/news-and-media/news-archive/2024-was-the-best-year-ever-for-norwegian- seafood-exports/

Norwegian Seafood Council.(2024). Norwegian seafood exports to Southeast Asia [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. Oslo: Norwegian Seafood Council; 2024 [เข้าถึงเมื่อ 1 เมษายน 2569]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://en.seafood.no/countrypages/southeast-asia/

Thai PR.(2025). Seafood from Norway launches the "Salmon Saturday" campaign [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. กรุงเทพมหานคร: Thai PR; 2025 [เข้าถึงเมื่อ 1 เมษายน 2569]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.thaipr.net/en/life_en/3590184

Thai-Norwegian Chamber of Commerce (NorCham).(2024). Norwegian Seafood Council highlights adoption of technologies and delivery services in the seafood industry at THAIFEX-Anuga Asia 2024 [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. กรุงเทพมหานคร: NorCham; 2024 [เข้าถึงเมื่อ 1 เมษายน 2569]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.norcham.com/norwegian-seafood-council-highlights-adoption-of-technologies-and-delivery-services-in-the-seafood-industry-at-thaifex-anuga-asia-2024

Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB.(2006). Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA. 2006;296(15):1885-99. doi:10.1001/jama.296.15.1885 เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/203640

American Heart Association.(2024). Fish and omega-3 fatty acids [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. Dallas: American Heart Association; 2024 [เข้าถึงเมื่อ 1 เมษายน 2569]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-

living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/fish-and-omega-3-fatty-acids

Rimm EB, Appel LJ, Chiuve SE, Manson JE, Kris-Etherton PM, Mozaffarian D, et al.(2018) Seafood long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138(1):e35-47. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000574 เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773586/

National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements.(2023). Omega-3 fatty acids: fact sheet for health professionals [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. Bethesda: NIH; 2023 [เข้าถึงเมื่อ 1 เมษายน 2569]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/

Clarkson TW, Magos L, Myers GJ.(2003). The toxicology of mercury—current exposures and clinical manifestations. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(18):1731-7. doi:10.1056/NEJMra022471 เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra022471

Mergler D, Anderson HA, Chan LHM, Mahaffey KR, Murray M, Sakamoto M, et al.(2007). Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans: a worldwide concern. Ambio. 2007;36(1):3-11. doi:10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[3:MEAHEI]2.0.CO;2 เข้าถึงได้จาก:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17408186/

World Health Organization.(2007). Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants: sixty-seventh report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). WHO Technical Report Series No. 940. Geneva: WHO; 2007. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43633

World Health Organization.(2007). Methylmercury: JECFA database [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. Geneva: WHO; 2007 [เข้าถึงเมื่อ 1 เมษายน 2569]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.who.int/tools/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database

Jensen IJ, Eilertsen K-E, Otnaes CHA, Maehre HK, Elvevoll EO.(2020). An update on the content of fatty acids,dioxins, PCBs and heavy metals in farmed, escaped and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway. Foods. 2020;9(12):1901. doi:10.3390/foods9121901 เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7766777/

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).(2016). Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Vol. 107. Lyon: IARC; 2016. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://publications.iarc.who.int/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Polychlorinated-Biphenyls-And-Polybrominated-Biphenyls-2015

Calder PC.(2010). Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. Nutrients. 2010;2(3):355-74. doi:10.3390/nu2030355 เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/2/3/355

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.(2022). Elemental Analysis Manual (EAM) for food and related products [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. Silver Spring: FDA; 2022 [เข้าถึงเมื่อ 1 เมษายน 2569]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/elemental-analysis-manual-eam-food-and-related-products

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.(2020). Elemental Analysis Manual Section 4.7: ICP-MS determination of elements in food. Silver Spring: FDA; 2020. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.fda.gov/media/87509/download

AOAC International.(2015). AOAC Official Method 2015.01 heavy metals in food by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). First Action 2015. Rockville: AOAC International; 2015. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.aoac.org/

Codex Alimentarius Commission.(1995). General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CXS 193-1995). Amended 2023. Rome: FAO/WHO; 1995. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/codex-texts/list-standards/en/

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM).(2012). Scientific opinion on the risk for public health related to the presence of mercury and methylmercury in food. EFSA Journal. 2012;10(12):2985. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2985 เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2985

Hong YS, Kim YM, Lee KE.(2012). Methylmercury exposure and health effects. J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(6):353-63. doi:10.3961/jpmph.2012.45.6.353 เข้าถึงได้จาก:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3514465/

U.S. Food and Drug Administration.(2024). Advice about eating fish [อินเทอร์เน็ต]. Silver Spring: FDA; 2024 [เข้าถึงเมื่อ 1 เมษายน 2569]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/advice-about-eating-fish

Burger J, Gochfeld M.(2006). Mercury in fish available in supermarkets in Illinois: are there regional differences. Sci Total Environ. 2006;367(2-3):1010-6. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.005 เข้าถึงได้จาก: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16815532/