The Transformation of an American Baptist Missionary Family into Covert Operatives
Abstract
Harold and Vincent Young were brothers and Baptist missionaries who played a pivotal role in the formation of early American foreign intelligence in Southeast Asia. They capitalized on a unique combination of linguistic abilities, powerful local contacts, and the religious devotion of their followers to organize pro-American paramilitary forces during World War II and the Cold War.
References
American Baptist Foreign Mission Society [ABFMS]. Records, 1817 – 1959 [Microform]. (Records concerning the Baptist Missionaries William Marcus Young, Harold Mason Young, Marcus Vincent Young, Raymond Buker, Richard Buker and James Haxton Telford.) [Reel Nos. FM-41, FM-213, FM-233, FM-264, FM-279, FM, FM-307, FM-323, FM-352, FM-368, FM-396.] University of Chicago’s Regenstein Library, call number: BV2520.A55 1817a.
Anderson, Courtney. 1956. To the Golden Shore: The Life of Adoniram Judson. Valley Forge: Judson Press.
Bigart, Homer. 1944. “Japanese May Lose Heads to Wild Wa’s Dah.” New York Herald Tribune, March 28.
Covell, Ralph R. 1995. The Liberating Gospel in China: The Christian Faith among China’s Minority Peoples. Michigan: Baker Books.
Fenn, Charles. 2004. At the Dragon’s Gate: With the OSS in the Far East. Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
Fineman, Daniel. 1997. A Special Relationship: The United States and Military Government in Thailand, 1947-1958. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi.
Hawley, Joshua David. 1991. “The Kingdom of God is Near: Christian Conversion and Political Change in the Highland Zone of Mainland Southeast Asia.” M.A. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Hsi-Sheng Ch’i. 1976. Warlord Politics in China 1916 – 1928. California: Stanford University Press.
Khern Sai. 1993. General Khun Sa: His Life and His Speeches. Chiang Mai: Shan Herald Agency for News.
Li, Tseng Hsiu (Carol). 1987. “The Sacred Mission: An American Missionary Family in the Lahu and the Wa Districts of Yunnan, China.” M.A. thesis, Baylor University, Waco, Texas.
Lintner, Bertil. 1999. Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Marx, Karl. 1970. Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Translated by O’Malley, Joseph and Annette Jolin. London: Cambridge University Press.
Maung Shwe Wa. 1963. Burma Baptist Chronicle. Erville Sowards and Genevieve Sowards (eds.). Rangoon: University Press.
McCoy, Alfred W. 2003. The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
Prados, John. 2006. Safe For Democracy: The Secret Wars of The CIA. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee,
Renard, Ronald Duane. 1979. “Kariang: History of Karen-T’ai Relations from the Beginnings to 1923.” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Hawaiʻi.
Sacquety, Troy J. 2013. The OSS in Burma: Jungle War against the Japanese. Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
Scott, James George. 1901. Gazetteer of Upper Burma. Rangoon: Superintendent, Government Printing.
Smith, Martin. 1999. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. Bangkok: White Lotus,).
Thompson, Julian. 2002. The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Burma 1942–1945. London: Pan Books.
Warner, Roger. 1996. Shooting at the Moon. Vermont: Steerforth Press.
Webster, Donovan. 2003. The Burma Road. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Young, Bill. 2010–2011. Personal interviews, October-May.
Young, Gordon. 2011a. Personal interviews, April–May.
____. 2011b. Journey From Banna: An Autobiography. United States of America: Xlibris Corporation.
Young, Harold. 1946. “Two reports and a letter concerning the Wa tribe and Wa States, by Capt Harold Mason Young (b1901), Burma Frontier Service 1946, Assistant Resident, Northern Shan States 1946.” Mss Eur C710. British National Archives.
____. 2013. To the Mountain Tops: A Sojourn Among the Lahu of Asia. United States of America: Xlibris.
Young, Ruth. 1980. Interview by Herbert Swenson in California. OHE 1/80. Payap University Archives, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Yu, Maochun. 1996. OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Anderson, Courtney. 1956. To the Golden Shore: The Life of Adoniram Judson. Valley Forge: Judson Press.
Bigart, Homer. 1944. “Japanese May Lose Heads to Wild Wa’s Dah.” New York Herald Tribune, March 28.
Covell, Ralph R. 1995. The Liberating Gospel in China: The Christian Faith among China’s Minority Peoples. Michigan: Baker Books.
Fenn, Charles. 2004. At the Dragon’s Gate: With the OSS in the Far East. Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
Fineman, Daniel. 1997. A Special Relationship: The United States and Military Government in Thailand, 1947-1958. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi.
Hawley, Joshua David. 1991. “The Kingdom of God is Near: Christian Conversion and Political Change in the Highland Zone of Mainland Southeast Asia.” M.A. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Hsi-Sheng Ch’i. 1976. Warlord Politics in China 1916 – 1928. California: Stanford University Press.
Khern Sai. 1993. General Khun Sa: His Life and His Speeches. Chiang Mai: Shan Herald Agency for News.
Li, Tseng Hsiu (Carol). 1987. “The Sacred Mission: An American Missionary Family in the Lahu and the Wa Districts of Yunnan, China.” M.A. thesis, Baylor University, Waco, Texas.
Lintner, Bertil. 1999. Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Marx, Karl. 1970. Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Translated by O’Malley, Joseph and Annette Jolin. London: Cambridge University Press.
Maung Shwe Wa. 1963. Burma Baptist Chronicle. Erville Sowards and Genevieve Sowards (eds.). Rangoon: University Press.
McCoy, Alfred W. 2003. The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books.
Prados, John. 2006. Safe For Democracy: The Secret Wars of The CIA. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee,
Renard, Ronald Duane. 1979. “Kariang: History of Karen-T’ai Relations from the Beginnings to 1923.” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Hawaiʻi.
Sacquety, Troy J. 2013. The OSS in Burma: Jungle War against the Japanese. Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
Scott, James George. 1901. Gazetteer of Upper Burma. Rangoon: Superintendent, Government Printing.
Smith, Martin. 1999. Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. Bangkok: White Lotus,).
Thompson, Julian. 2002. The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Burma 1942–1945. London: Pan Books.
Warner, Roger. 1996. Shooting at the Moon. Vermont: Steerforth Press.
Webster, Donovan. 2003. The Burma Road. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Young, Bill. 2010–2011. Personal interviews, October-May.
Young, Gordon. 2011a. Personal interviews, April–May.
____. 2011b. Journey From Banna: An Autobiography. United States of America: Xlibris Corporation.
Young, Harold. 1946. “Two reports and a letter concerning the Wa tribe and Wa States, by Capt Harold Mason Young (b1901), Burma Frontier Service 1946, Assistant Resident, Northern Shan States 1946.” Mss Eur C710. British National Archives.
____. 2013. To the Mountain Tops: A Sojourn Among the Lahu of Asia. United States of America: Xlibris.
Young, Ruth. 1980. Interview by Herbert Swenson in California. OHE 1/80. Payap University Archives, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Yu, Maochun. 1996. OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
