"The Birth of the Buddha" at Angkor
Abstract
A rare stele depicting the birth of the Buddha, taken
from Angkor Wat in 1899 and now housed in the Bangkok National Museum, raises issues central to the Buddhist art and civilization of Angkor. Stemming from the late 13th or the early 14th century, it draws its inspiration primarily from North Indian Sanskrit textual sources, thereby providing further evidence of the continuing dominance of that tradition in Cambodia and mainland Southeast Asia, prior to the more recent and final onset of Pali-based Buddhism (i.e. Theravāda or Theravaṁsa).
References
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Anant Laulertvorakul. 2003. “Paṭhamasambodhi in Nine Languages: Their Relation and Evolution.” MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities, 6(1): 11–34.
Archaimbault, Charles. 1961. “L’histoire de Čămpasăk.” Journal asiatique, 249(4): 519–95.
Baird, Ian G. 2018. “Princes Without a Principality: Champassak Non-State Royals and the Politics of Performativity in France.” The Journal of Lao Studies, 6(1): 1–25.
Baptiste, Pierre and Thierry Zéphir, eds. 2013. Angkor, naissance d’un mythe. Louis Delaporte et le Cambodge. Paris: Gallimard/Musée national des arts asiatiques Guimet.
Bareau, André. 1974. “La jeunesse du Buddha dans les Sûtrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens.” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient, 61: 199–274.
Bautze-Picron, Claudine. 2003. The Buddhist Murals of Pagan: Timeless Vistas of the Cosmos. Bangkok: Orchid Press.
____. 2010. “The Lady Under the Tree—A Visual Pattern from Māyā to the Tārā and Avalokiteśvara.” In The Birth of the Buddha: Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, October 2004, edited by Christoph Cueppers, Max Deeg and Hubert Durt, pp. 193–237, pls. on pp. 403–430. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute.
Bennett, Cephas Rev., tr. 1853. “Life of Gaudama. A Translation from the Burmese Book Entitled Ma-la-len-ga-ra Wottoo.” Journal of the American Oriental Studies, 3: 1–164.
Bigandet, Rev. P., tr. 1866. The Life, or Legend of Gaudama, the Buddha of the Burmese. Rangoon: American Mission Press [2nd ed.; 1st ed. 1858].
Bloembergen, Marieke and Eickhoff, Martijn. 2013. “Exchange and the Protection of Java’s Antiquities: A Transnational Approach to the Problem of Heritage in Colonial Java.” The Journal of Asian Studies, 72(4): 893–916.
Boeles, Jan J. 1960. “Two Aspects of Buddhist Iconography in Thailand.” Journal of the Siam Society, 48(1): 69–79.
Charles-Roux, Jules. 1902. Exposition universelle de 1900. Les colonies françaises. Rapport général. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
Chedha Tingsanchali. 2559/2016. Pratimakam hindu-phut nai sinlapa india kap khamphi sinlapasat phasa sansakrit/Hindu and Buddhist Sculpture in India: The Coincidence with Sanskrit Śilpaśāstra Scriptures. Bangkok: Silpakorn University Press.
Cœdès, George. 1916. “À propos d’une stèle sculptée d’Angkor Vat.” In Mémoires concernant l’Asie orientale : Inde, Asie Centrale, Extrême-Orient (Vol. 2), edited by Émile Senart et al., pp. 117–22. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
____. 1928. Les collections archéologiques du Musée national de Bangkok. Paris and Brussels: G. Van Oest.
____. 1936. “Études cambodgiennes.” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient, 36(1): 1–21.
____. 1937–66. Inscriptions du Cambodge (8 Volumes). Hanoi and Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient.
____. 1968. “Une vie indochinoise du Buddha : la Paṭhamasambodhi.” In Mélanges d’indianisme à la mémoire de Louis Renou, pp. 217–27. Paris: Éditions de Boccard.
____. 2003. The Paṭhamasambodhi. Oxford: Pali Text Society [edited by Jacqueline Filliozat].
Dieulefils, Pierre. 2001. Ruins of Angkor: Cambodia in 1909. Bangkok: River Books [Reprint; 1st ed. 1909]
Falser, Michael. 2013a. “The First Plaster Casts of Angkor for the French Métropole. From the Mekong Mission 1866–1868, and the Universal Exhibition of 1867, to the Musée Khmer of 1874.” Bulletin de l’école française d’Extrême-Orient, 99: 49–92.
____. 2013b. “La porte d’entrée—Angkor at the Universal Exhibition of 1878 in Paris.” Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 76: 191–216.
____. 2013c. “From Gaillon to Sanchi, from Vézelay to Angkor Wat. The Musée Indo-chinois in Paris: A Transcultural Perspective on Architectural Museums.” RIHA Journal, 71: 1–68.
____. 2013d. “Colonial Appropriation, Physical Substitution and the Metonymics of Translation. Plaster Casts of Angkor Wat for the Museum Collections in Paris and Berlin.” In The Challenge of the Object (Vol. 2), edited by U. Großmann and P. Krutisch, pp. 528–32. Nuremberg: Germanisches Nationalmuseum.
Flood, Chadin Kanjanavanit, tr. 1965. The Dynastic Chronicles: Bangkok Era, the Fourth Reign, B.E. 2394–2411 (A.D. 1851–1868) by Câwphrajaa Thíphaakrawon. Tokyo: Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies.
Flour, Isabelle. 2014. “Orientalism and the Reality Effect: Angkor at the Universal Expositions, 1867–1937.” Getty Research Journal, 6: 63–82.
Foucher, Alfred. 1993. La Vie du Buddha d’après les textes et les monuments de l’Inde. Paris: J. Maisonneuve [Reprint; 1st ed. 1949].
Fournereau, Lucien. 1890. Les ruines khmères – Cambodge et Siam : documents complémentaires d’architecture, de sculpture et de céramique (Vol. 2). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Fournereau, Lucien and Porcher, Jacques. 1890. Les ruines d’Angkor. Étude artistique et historique sur les monuments khmers du Cambodge siamois (Vol. 1). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Fraser-Lu, Sylvia and Stadtner, Donald M., eds. 2015. Buddhist Art of Myanmar. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Galloway, Charlotte. 2005. “Sculptural Depictions of Maya and the Nativity from Early Bagan: Origins and Change.” In Myanmar Historical Commission Conference Proceedings 12–14 January 2005. Yangon: Universities Press.
Goswami, Bijoya, tr. 2001. Lalitavistara. English Translation with Notes. Kolkata: The Asiatic Society.
Groslier, George. 1924. Catalogue général du Musée du Cambodge (Musée Albert Sarraut). Hanoi: Imprimerie d’Extrême-Orient.
Handlin, Lilian. 2012. “The King and his Bhagavā: The Meanings of Pagan’s Early Theravādas.” In How Theravāda is Theravāda? Exploring Buddhist Identities, edited by Peter Skilling et al. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, pp. 165–239.
Harris, Peter, tr. 2007. Zhou Daguan. A Record of Cambodia: The Land and Its People. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Ishizawa, Yoshiaki. 2015. “The World’s Oldest Plan of Angkor Vat: The Japanese so-called Jetavana, an Illustrated Plan of the Seventeenth Century.” UDAYA, Journal of Khmer Studies, 13: 47–61.
Jacques, Claude. 2007. “The Historical Development of Khmer Culture from the Death of Sūryavarman II to the 16th Century.” In Bayon: New Perspectives, edited by Joyce Clarke, pp. 30–49. Bangkok: River Books.
Jayawickrama, Nicholas A., tr. 1990. The Story of Gotama Buddha: The Nidāna-kathā of the Jātakaṭṭakathā. Oxford: The Pali Text Society.
Jones, J.J., tr. 1952. The Mahāvastu. Translated from the Buddhist Sanskrit (Vol. 2). London: Luzac and Co.
Knox, Robert. 1992. Amarāvatī: Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stūpa. London: British Museum Press.
Loos, Tamara. 2006. Subject Siam: Family, Law, and Colonial Modernity in Thailand. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Luce, Gordon H. and Ba Shin, Bo-Hmu. 1969–70. Old Burma: Early Pagán (3 Vol.). Ascona: Artibus Asiae Supplementum.
Lunet de Lajonquière, Étienne Edmond. 1907. Inventaire descriptif des monuments du Cambodge (Vol. 2). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Maha Amatyathibodi (Seng Wiriyasiri). 2484/1941. “Tamnan mueang nakhon champasak [A Chronicle of the Champasak Principality].” In Prachum phongsawadan phak thi 70 [Collection of Chronicles, Part 70]. Printed on the Occasion of the Royal Funerals of M.C. (Princess) Khoi Tha Pramoj at Wat Thepsirintharawat, on 26 March 1941. Bangkok: Phra Chan Press.
Marchal, Sapho. 1997. Costumes et parures khmèrs d’après les devatâ d’Angkor-Vat. Paris: L’Harmattan. [Reprint; 1st ed. 1927].
Munier-Gaillard, Cristophe and Kirichenko, Alexey. 2017. La vie du Bouddha. Peintures murales de Birmanie. Paris: éditions Findakly.
Olivelle, Patrick, ed. and tr. 2008. Life of the Buddha by Aśvaghoṣa [Buddhacarita. English and Sanskrit]. New York: New York University Press.
Pal, Pratapaditya, ed. 1984. Light of Asia: Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian Art. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
Peleggi, Maurizio. 2017. Monastery, Monument, Museum: Sites and Artifacts of Thai Cultural Memory. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Pensri (Suvanij) Duke. 1962. Les relations entre la France el la Thaïlande (Siam) au XIXe siècle d’après les archives des affaires étrangères. Bangkok: Chalermnit.
Perry, Edward Delavan. 1885. “Indra in the Rig-Veda.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 11: 117–208.
Phra Paramanujitjinoros, tr. 2016. Pathamasambodhi: The Life of the Lord Buddha. Bangkok: Amarin Printing [English ed.; trans. from the Thai].
Polkinghorne, Martin. Forthcoming. “Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Images of the Buddha from Ayutthaya and Lan Xang at Angkor Wat.” In The Emergence of Theravada Buddhism in Cambodia: Southeast Asian Perspectives, edited by Ashley Thompson and Hiram Woodward. Singapore: NUS Press.
Pou, Saveros. 2001. Nouvelles inscriptions du Cambodge (Vols. 2–3). Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient.
____. 2004. Dictionnaire vieux khmer-français-anglais/An Old Khmer–French–English Dictionary. Paris: L’Harmattan [Reprint].
Rhie Quintanilla, Sonya. 2017. “Transformations of Identity and the Buddha’s Infancy Narratives at Kanaganahalli.” Archives of Asian Art, 67(1): 111–42.
Samerchai Poolsuwan. 2015. “Buddhist Murals Illustrating Unusual Features in Temple 36 at Sale and Their Cultural Implications.” Journal of Burma Studies, 19(1): 145–97.
____. 2017. “The Buddha’s Biography: Its Development in the Pagan Murals vs. the Later Vernacular Literature, in the Theravādin Buddhist Context of Southeast Asia.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series 3, 27(2): 255–94.
Santi Pakdeekham. 2019. “Tam khaluang thai pai yai prasat khom (4). Muea sayam phai thi mueang phra nakhon thi ma khong chue ‘siamrap’ rue ‘siamriap’ [Following Thai Commisionners to Move Khmer Temples (Part 4). When Siam was Defeated at Phra Nakhon (Angkor). Origins of the Names ‘Siamrap’ and ‘Siamriap’].” Sinlapawatthanatham (Art and Culture Magazine), 40(4): 22–30.
Skilling, Peter. 2002. “Some Citation Inscriptions from South-East Asia.” Journal of the Pali Text Society, 27: 159–75.
____. 2009. “Nouvelles découvertes en Andhra Pradesh: la vie du Bouddha de Phanigiri.” In Images et imagination ― Le bouddhisme en Asie, edited by Peter Skilling, pp. 27–57. Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient.
____. 2018. “Namo Buddhāya Gurave (K. 888): Circulation of a Liturgical Formula Across Asia.” Journal of the Siam Society, 106: 109–28.
Soutif, Dominique. 2009. “Kanloṅ ou mandira, un palais à Purandarapura à la fin du VIIe siècle de notre ère ?” Udaya, 10: 239–55.
Stadtner, Donald M. 2005. Ancient Pagan: Buddhist Plain of Merit. Bangkok: River Books.
Stern, Philippe. 1965. Les monuments khmers du style du Bayon et Jayavarman VII. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
Stoye, Martina. 2008. “The Deva with the Swaddling Cloth: On the Western Origins of Gandhāran Birth Iconography and Their Implications for the Textual and Art History of the Buddhist Saviour’s Nativity.” In Religion and Art: New Issues in Indian Iconography and Iconology, edited by Claudine Bautze-Picron, pp. 1–25. London: British Association for South Asian Studies.
Strong, John S. 2001. The Buddha: A Short Biography. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
Tej Bunnag. 1977. The Provincial Administration of Siam, 1892–1915: The Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thompson, Ashley. 2004. “Pilgrims to Angkor: A Buddhist ‘Cosmopolis’ in Southeast Asia?” Bulletin of Students of the Department of Archaeology, Royal University of Fine Arts, Phnom Penh, 3: 88–119.
Thongchai Winichakul. 1994. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-body of a Nation. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Trần Kỳ Phương et al., ed. 2018. Vibrancy in Stone: Masterpieces of the Đà Nẵng Museum of Cham Sculpture. Bangkok: River Books.
Tun, Puthpiseth. 2015. Bouddhisme Theravāda et production artistique en pays khmer : étude d’un corpus d’images en ronde-bosse du Buddha (XIIIe-XVIe siècles). Université Paris IV-Sorbonne: Doctoral Dissertation [Unpublished].
Vaidya, P.L., ed. 1958. Lalitavistara. Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning.
Vincent, Thierry. 1997. Pierre Dieulefils. Photographe-éditeur de cartes postales d’Indochine : plus de 4800 références sur le Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchine, Cambodge, Yunnan, Chine. Aix-en-Provence: T. Vincent.
Willemen, Charles, tr. 2009. Buddhacarita. In Praise of Buddha’s Acts (Taishō Volume 4, Number 192). Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.
Zwalf, Wladimir. 1996. A Catalogue of the Gandhāra Sculpture in the British Museum (2 Vols.). London: British Museum Press
Anant Laulertvorakul. 2003. “Paṭhamasambodhi in Nine Languages: Their Relation and Evolution.” MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities, 6(1): 11–34.
Archaimbault, Charles. 1961. “L’histoire de Čămpasăk.” Journal asiatique, 249(4): 519–95.
Baird, Ian G. 2018. “Princes Without a Principality: Champassak Non-State Royals and the Politics of Performativity in France.” The Journal of Lao Studies, 6(1): 1–25.
Baptiste, Pierre and Thierry Zéphir, eds. 2013. Angkor, naissance d’un mythe. Louis Delaporte et le Cambodge. Paris: Gallimard/Musée national des arts asiatiques Guimet.
Bareau, André. 1974. “La jeunesse du Buddha dans les Sûtrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens.” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient, 61: 199–274.
Bautze-Picron, Claudine. 2003. The Buddhist Murals of Pagan: Timeless Vistas of the Cosmos. Bangkok: Orchid Press.
____. 2010. “The Lady Under the Tree—A Visual Pattern from Māyā to the Tārā and Avalokiteśvara.” In The Birth of the Buddha: Proceedings of the Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, October 2004, edited by Christoph Cueppers, Max Deeg and Hubert Durt, pp. 193–237, pls. on pp. 403–430. Lumbini: Lumbini International Research Institute.
Bennett, Cephas Rev., tr. 1853. “Life of Gaudama. A Translation from the Burmese Book Entitled Ma-la-len-ga-ra Wottoo.” Journal of the American Oriental Studies, 3: 1–164.
Bigandet, Rev. P., tr. 1866. The Life, or Legend of Gaudama, the Buddha of the Burmese. Rangoon: American Mission Press [2nd ed.; 1st ed. 1858].
Bloembergen, Marieke and Eickhoff, Martijn. 2013. “Exchange and the Protection of Java’s Antiquities: A Transnational Approach to the Problem of Heritage in Colonial Java.” The Journal of Asian Studies, 72(4): 893–916.
Boeles, Jan J. 1960. “Two Aspects of Buddhist Iconography in Thailand.” Journal of the Siam Society, 48(1): 69–79.
Charles-Roux, Jules. 1902. Exposition universelle de 1900. Les colonies françaises. Rapport général. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
Chedha Tingsanchali. 2559/2016. Pratimakam hindu-phut nai sinlapa india kap khamphi sinlapasat phasa sansakrit/Hindu and Buddhist Sculpture in India: The Coincidence with Sanskrit Śilpaśāstra Scriptures. Bangkok: Silpakorn University Press.
Cœdès, George. 1916. “À propos d’une stèle sculptée d’Angkor Vat.” In Mémoires concernant l’Asie orientale : Inde, Asie Centrale, Extrême-Orient (Vol. 2), edited by Émile Senart et al., pp. 117–22. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
____. 1928. Les collections archéologiques du Musée national de Bangkok. Paris and Brussels: G. Van Oest.
____. 1936. “Études cambodgiennes.” Bulletin de l’École française d’Extrême-Orient, 36(1): 1–21.
____. 1937–66. Inscriptions du Cambodge (8 Volumes). Hanoi and Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient.
____. 1968. “Une vie indochinoise du Buddha : la Paṭhamasambodhi.” In Mélanges d’indianisme à la mémoire de Louis Renou, pp. 217–27. Paris: Éditions de Boccard.
____. 2003. The Paṭhamasambodhi. Oxford: Pali Text Society [edited by Jacqueline Filliozat].
Dieulefils, Pierre. 2001. Ruins of Angkor: Cambodia in 1909. Bangkok: River Books [Reprint; 1st ed. 1909]
Falser, Michael. 2013a. “The First Plaster Casts of Angkor for the French Métropole. From the Mekong Mission 1866–1868, and the Universal Exhibition of 1867, to the Musée Khmer of 1874.” Bulletin de l’école française d’Extrême-Orient, 99: 49–92.
____. 2013b. “La porte d’entrée—Angkor at the Universal Exhibition of 1878 in Paris.” Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 76: 191–216.
____. 2013c. “From Gaillon to Sanchi, from Vézelay to Angkor Wat. The Musée Indo-chinois in Paris: A Transcultural Perspective on Architectural Museums.” RIHA Journal, 71: 1–68.
____. 2013d. “Colonial Appropriation, Physical Substitution and the Metonymics of Translation. Plaster Casts of Angkor Wat for the Museum Collections in Paris and Berlin.” In The Challenge of the Object (Vol. 2), edited by U. Großmann and P. Krutisch, pp. 528–32. Nuremberg: Germanisches Nationalmuseum.
Flood, Chadin Kanjanavanit, tr. 1965. The Dynastic Chronicles: Bangkok Era, the Fourth Reign, B.E. 2394–2411 (A.D. 1851–1868) by Câwphrajaa Thíphaakrawon. Tokyo: Centre for East Asian Cultural Studies.
Flour, Isabelle. 2014. “Orientalism and the Reality Effect: Angkor at the Universal Expositions, 1867–1937.” Getty Research Journal, 6: 63–82.
Foucher, Alfred. 1993. La Vie du Buddha d’après les textes et les monuments de l’Inde. Paris: J. Maisonneuve [Reprint; 1st ed. 1949].
Fournereau, Lucien. 1890. Les ruines khmères – Cambodge et Siam : documents complémentaires d’architecture, de sculpture et de céramique (Vol. 2). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Fournereau, Lucien and Porcher, Jacques. 1890. Les ruines d’Angkor. Étude artistique et historique sur les monuments khmers du Cambodge siamois (Vol. 1). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Fraser-Lu, Sylvia and Stadtner, Donald M., eds. 2015. Buddhist Art of Myanmar. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Galloway, Charlotte. 2005. “Sculptural Depictions of Maya and the Nativity from Early Bagan: Origins and Change.” In Myanmar Historical Commission Conference Proceedings 12–14 January 2005. Yangon: Universities Press.
Goswami, Bijoya, tr. 2001. Lalitavistara. English Translation with Notes. Kolkata: The Asiatic Society.
Groslier, George. 1924. Catalogue général du Musée du Cambodge (Musée Albert Sarraut). Hanoi: Imprimerie d’Extrême-Orient.
Handlin, Lilian. 2012. “The King and his Bhagavā: The Meanings of Pagan’s Early Theravādas.” In How Theravāda is Theravāda? Exploring Buddhist Identities, edited by Peter Skilling et al. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, pp. 165–239.
Harris, Peter, tr. 2007. Zhou Daguan. A Record of Cambodia: The Land and Its People. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
Ishizawa, Yoshiaki. 2015. “The World’s Oldest Plan of Angkor Vat: The Japanese so-called Jetavana, an Illustrated Plan of the Seventeenth Century.” UDAYA, Journal of Khmer Studies, 13: 47–61.
Jacques, Claude. 2007. “The Historical Development of Khmer Culture from the Death of Sūryavarman II to the 16th Century.” In Bayon: New Perspectives, edited by Joyce Clarke, pp. 30–49. Bangkok: River Books.
Jayawickrama, Nicholas A., tr. 1990. The Story of Gotama Buddha: The Nidāna-kathā of the Jātakaṭṭakathā. Oxford: The Pali Text Society.
Jones, J.J., tr. 1952. The Mahāvastu. Translated from the Buddhist Sanskrit (Vol. 2). London: Luzac and Co.
Knox, Robert. 1992. Amarāvatī: Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stūpa. London: British Museum Press.
Loos, Tamara. 2006. Subject Siam: Family, Law, and Colonial Modernity in Thailand. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
Luce, Gordon H. and Ba Shin, Bo-Hmu. 1969–70. Old Burma: Early Pagán (3 Vol.). Ascona: Artibus Asiae Supplementum.
Lunet de Lajonquière, Étienne Edmond. 1907. Inventaire descriptif des monuments du Cambodge (Vol. 2). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Maha Amatyathibodi (Seng Wiriyasiri). 2484/1941. “Tamnan mueang nakhon champasak [A Chronicle of the Champasak Principality].” In Prachum phongsawadan phak thi 70 [Collection of Chronicles, Part 70]. Printed on the Occasion of the Royal Funerals of M.C. (Princess) Khoi Tha Pramoj at Wat Thepsirintharawat, on 26 March 1941. Bangkok: Phra Chan Press.
Marchal, Sapho. 1997. Costumes et parures khmèrs d’après les devatâ d’Angkor-Vat. Paris: L’Harmattan. [Reprint; 1st ed. 1927].
Munier-Gaillard, Cristophe and Kirichenko, Alexey. 2017. La vie du Bouddha. Peintures murales de Birmanie. Paris: éditions Findakly.
Olivelle, Patrick, ed. and tr. 2008. Life of the Buddha by Aśvaghoṣa [Buddhacarita. English and Sanskrit]. New York: New York University Press.
Pal, Pratapaditya, ed. 1984. Light of Asia: Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian Art. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
Peleggi, Maurizio. 2017. Monastery, Monument, Museum: Sites and Artifacts of Thai Cultural Memory. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Pensri (Suvanij) Duke. 1962. Les relations entre la France el la Thaïlande (Siam) au XIXe siècle d’après les archives des affaires étrangères. Bangkok: Chalermnit.
Perry, Edward Delavan. 1885. “Indra in the Rig-Veda.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 11: 117–208.
Phra Paramanujitjinoros, tr. 2016. Pathamasambodhi: The Life of the Lord Buddha. Bangkok: Amarin Printing [English ed.; trans. from the Thai].
Polkinghorne, Martin. Forthcoming. “Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Images of the Buddha from Ayutthaya and Lan Xang at Angkor Wat.” In The Emergence of Theravada Buddhism in Cambodia: Southeast Asian Perspectives, edited by Ashley Thompson and Hiram Woodward. Singapore: NUS Press.
Pou, Saveros. 2001. Nouvelles inscriptions du Cambodge (Vols. 2–3). Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient.
____. 2004. Dictionnaire vieux khmer-français-anglais/An Old Khmer–French–English Dictionary. Paris: L’Harmattan [Reprint].
Rhie Quintanilla, Sonya. 2017. “Transformations of Identity and the Buddha’s Infancy Narratives at Kanaganahalli.” Archives of Asian Art, 67(1): 111–42.
Samerchai Poolsuwan. 2015. “Buddhist Murals Illustrating Unusual Features in Temple 36 at Sale and Their Cultural Implications.” Journal of Burma Studies, 19(1): 145–97.
____. 2017. “The Buddha’s Biography: Its Development in the Pagan Murals vs. the Later Vernacular Literature, in the Theravādin Buddhist Context of Southeast Asia.” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series 3, 27(2): 255–94.
Santi Pakdeekham. 2019. “Tam khaluang thai pai yai prasat khom (4). Muea sayam phai thi mueang phra nakhon thi ma khong chue ‘siamrap’ rue ‘siamriap’ [Following Thai Commisionners to Move Khmer Temples (Part 4). When Siam was Defeated at Phra Nakhon (Angkor). Origins of the Names ‘Siamrap’ and ‘Siamriap’].” Sinlapawatthanatham (Art and Culture Magazine), 40(4): 22–30.
Skilling, Peter. 2002. “Some Citation Inscriptions from South-East Asia.” Journal of the Pali Text Society, 27: 159–75.
____. 2009. “Nouvelles découvertes en Andhra Pradesh: la vie du Bouddha de Phanigiri.” In Images et imagination ― Le bouddhisme en Asie, edited by Peter Skilling, pp. 27–57. Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient.
____. 2018. “Namo Buddhāya Gurave (K. 888): Circulation of a Liturgical Formula Across Asia.” Journal of the Siam Society, 106: 109–28.
Soutif, Dominique. 2009. “Kanloṅ ou mandira, un palais à Purandarapura à la fin du VIIe siècle de notre ère ?” Udaya, 10: 239–55.
Stadtner, Donald M. 2005. Ancient Pagan: Buddhist Plain of Merit. Bangkok: River Books.
Stern, Philippe. 1965. Les monuments khmers du style du Bayon et Jayavarman VII. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
Stoye, Martina. 2008. “The Deva with the Swaddling Cloth: On the Western Origins of Gandhāran Birth Iconography and Their Implications for the Textual and Art History of the Buddhist Saviour’s Nativity.” In Religion and Art: New Issues in Indian Iconography and Iconology, edited by Claudine Bautze-Picron, pp. 1–25. London: British Association for South Asian Studies.
Strong, John S. 2001. The Buddha: A Short Biography. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
Tej Bunnag. 1977. The Provincial Administration of Siam, 1892–1915: The Ministry of the Interior under Prince Damrong Rajanubhab. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thompson, Ashley. 2004. “Pilgrims to Angkor: A Buddhist ‘Cosmopolis’ in Southeast Asia?” Bulletin of Students of the Department of Archaeology, Royal University of Fine Arts, Phnom Penh, 3: 88–119.
Thongchai Winichakul. 1994. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-body of a Nation. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Trần Kỳ Phương et al., ed. 2018. Vibrancy in Stone: Masterpieces of the Đà Nẵng Museum of Cham Sculpture. Bangkok: River Books.
Tun, Puthpiseth. 2015. Bouddhisme Theravāda et production artistique en pays khmer : étude d’un corpus d’images en ronde-bosse du Buddha (XIIIe-XVIe siècles). Université Paris IV-Sorbonne: Doctoral Dissertation [Unpublished].
Vaidya, P.L., ed. 1958. Lalitavistara. Darbhanga: The Mithila Institute of Post-Graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning.
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