The Impact of Tourism on Quality of Life of Islanders
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jan 30, 2018
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates how tourism affects the quality of life of islanders’ perception in five islands. The five island comprised of Koh Chang, Koh Tao, Koh Pangan, Koh Samui and Koh Phuket. The sample size is 461 using partial least square structural equation modeling.
The results revealed that economics and culture impacts are significantly positively related to islander’s quality of life. The economics, social, culture and environmental impact are significantly positively related to material well-being domain, community well-being domain, emotional well-being domain and health and safety well-being domain, respectively. Furthermore, community well-being domain, emotional well-being domain and health and safety well-being domain are significantly positively related to islander’s quality of life. The purpose of this study is to promote on social and environmental impact from tourism to islanders.
Article Details
How to Cite
Jhantasena, Z., & Naknok, S. (2018). The Impact of Tourism on Quality of Life of Islanders. WMS Journal of Management, 7(1), 103–117. Retrieved from https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/wms/article/view/110656
Section
Research Articles-Academic Articles
References
นงลักษณ์วิรัชชัย. (2542). โมเดลลิสเรล สถิติวิเคราะห์สำหรับการวิจัย. พิมพ์ครั้งที่3. กรุงเทพมหานคร: โรงพิมพ์แห่งจุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.
Ahmed, Z. U. & Krohn, F. B. (1992). International Tourism, Marketing and Quality of Life in the Third World. India, a Case in Point. In Development in Quality of Life Studies in Marketing 4, edited by M. H. Sirgy, D. Meadow, D. Rahtz, and A. C. Samli, 150-6. Blacksburg, Virginia.
Alarcón, D. & Sánchez, J. A. (2015) Assessing convergent and discriminant validity in the ADHD-R IV rating scale: User-written commands for Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Composite Reliability (CR), and Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT). Retrieved May, 20, 2016. From http://www.stata.com/meeting/spain15/abstracts/materials/spain15_alarcon.pdf
Almeida, F. Balbuena, A. & Cortés, R. (2015). Residents’ attitudes towards the impacts of tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 13(1), 33-40.
Andereck, K. L. (1995). Environmental Consequences of Tourism: A Review of Recent Research. In Linking Tourism, the Environment, and Sustainability, edited by S. F. McCool and A. E. Watson. General Technical Report No. INT-GTR-323. Ogdon, UT: Intermountain Research Station, pp. 77-81.
Andereck, K. L. & Vogt, C. A. (2000). The relationship between residents’ attitudes toward tourism and tourism development options. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 27-36.
Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C. & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 1056– 1076.
Andereck, K. L., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2011). Exploring the nature of tourism and quality of life perceptions among residents. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3),
248-260.
Andrews, F. M. & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being. New York / London: Plenum Press.
Argyle, M. (1996).The Social Psychology of Leisure, Penguin, London.
Bagozzi, R.P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L.W., (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 421-458.
Brinkman, D.D. (1989). An evaluation of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale: Reliability and response measurement. Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 2201B.
Bufford, R.K., Paloutzian, R.F., & Ellison, C.W. (1991). Norms for the spiritual well-being scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19(1), 56-70
Campbell, A. C., Converse, P. E., & Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life. New York: The Russel Sage Foundation.
Caporale, G. M., Georgellis, Y., Tsitsianis, N., & Yin, Y. P. (2009). Income and happiness across Europe: Do reference values matter? Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(1), 42-51.
Clark, A.E. & Oswald, A.J. (1994). Unhappiness and Unemployment. Economic Journal , 104, 648-659.
Clark, A.E., Frijters, P. & Shields, M. (2008).
Relative income, happiness, and utility: An explanation for the Easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1). 95‐144.
Cummins, R. A. (1996). The domains of life satisfaction: An attempt to order chaos. Social Indicators Research, 38, 303-332.
Cummins, R. (1997). Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale – Adult. fifth edition, manual, Deakin University, Australia.
Cummins, R. A., McCabe, M. P., Romeo, Y., & Gullone, E. (1994). The Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale: Instrument development and psychometric evaluation on tertiary staff and students. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 372-382.
Deery, M., Jago, L., & Fredline, L. (2012). Rethinking social impacts of tourism research: A new research agenda. Tour Manage, 33: 64-73.
Diener, E, & Fujita, F. (1995). Resources, personal strivings, and subjective well-being: A nomothetic and idiographic approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 926-935.
Dolnicar, S., Yanamandram, V. & Cliff, K. (2012) The contribution of vacations to quality of life. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 59–83.
Dolnicar, S., Lazarevski, K., & Yanamandram, V. (2012). Quality-of-Life and Travel Motivations: Integrating the Two Concepts in the Grevillea Model. pp, 293-308, in editors, Uysal, M., Perdue,R.R. & Sirgy, M.J. (ed), Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research Enhancing the Lives of Tourists and Residents of Host Communities, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York.
Dyer, P., Gursoy, D., Sharma, B.& Carter, J. (2007). Structural modeling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Tourism Management, 28, 409–422.
Easterlin, R.A. (1995). Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 27, 1-34.
Ellison, C.W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(4), 330–340.
Ellul, A., (1999). Sustainable Tourism in the IMA-SIDS. in L. Briguglio (ed.) The Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States in the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and Atlantic Regions (IMA-SIDS), UNEP,
Flanagan, J. C. (1978). A research approach to improving our quality of life. American Psychologist, 33, 138-147.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F.(1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50.
Gerstl, G. (1983). The fine art of leisure. Management World, 12, 8-10.
Gössling, S., & Hall, C.M. (2006). Uncertainties in predicting tourist flows under scenarios of climate change. Climatic Change, 79(3-4): 163-73
Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes. A structural modeling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79-105.
Gursoy, D., & Rutherford, D. G. (2004). Host attitudes toward tourism an improved structural model. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 495-516.
Gursoy, D., & Kendall, K. W. (2006). Hosting mega events modeling locals support. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 603-623.
Haggard, L. M., Granzin, K. L. & Painter, J. (1995). Quality-of life and the leisure-life experience: Development and test of a structural model. In H. Lee Meadow, M. Joseph Sirgy, & Don R. Rahtz (Eds.), Developments in Quality-of-Life Studies in Marketing, vol. 5 (pp. 144). DeKalb, Illinois: Academy of Marketing Science and the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies.
Hair, Jr., J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th Ed.), Pearson-Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Haley, A. J., Snaith, T. & Miller, G. (2005). The social impacts of tourism: A case study of Bath, UK. Annals of Tourism Research, 32, (3), 647–668.
Huh, C. & Vogt, C.A. (2008). Changes in residents’ attitudes toward tourism over time: a cohort analytical approach. Journal of Travel Research, 46 (4), 446 -455.
Kim, K. (2002). The effects of tourism impacts upon quality of life residents in the community. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Kim, K., M. Uysal, & Sirgy, M.J. (2013). How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents? Tourism Management, 36, 527-540.
Krupinski, J. (1980). Health and quality of life. Social Science and Medicine, 14A, 203-211.
Lankford, S. V. & Howard, D. (1994). Revising TIAS. Annals of Tourism Research, 21, 829-831.
Layard, R. (2005). Happiness: Lessons From a New Science. New York and London: Penguin.
Lee,L., Pratter,S., Fayard,D. & Robinson,S. (2011). On the use of partial least squares path modeling in accounting research. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, (12), 325-328.
Liu, J. C. & Var, T. (1986). Residents attitudes toward tourism impacts In Hawaii. Annals of Tourism Research, 13, 193-214.
McGehee, N., & Andereck, K. (2004). Factors predicting rural residents´ support of tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 43(2), 131–140.
Mckean, P. F. (1977). Towards a theoretical analysis of tourism: economic dualism and cultural involution in Bali. In V. L. Smith (Ed.), Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourist (pp. 93-107). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Metzen, E. J., Dannerbeck, A. M. & Song, J. H. (1997). Life satisfaction among married and non-married parents. In H. Lee Meadow (Ed.) Development in Quality-of- 230 Life Studies in Marketing, vol. 1 (pp. 56). Blacksburg, Virginia: International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies.
Neal, J., Uysal, M., & Sirgy, M. (1999). Developing a macro measure of QOL/leisure satisfaction with travel/tourism service: stage one (conceptualization). In H. Lee Meadow, M. Joseph Sirgy, & Don R. Rahtz (Eds.), Developments in Quality-of-Life Studies in Marketing, vol. 5 (pp. 145-149). DeKalb, Illinois: Academy of Marketing Science and the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies.
Norman, W. C., Harwell, R., & dan Allen, L. R. (1997). The role of recreation on the quality of life of residents in rural communities in South Carolina. Development in Quality-of-Life Studies in Marketing (1), 65-87.
Page-Wood, E. P., Lane, P. M., & Lindquist, J. D. (1990). The leisure components in quality of life: Quality leisure and the forth dimension. In H. Lee Meadow & M. Joseph Sirgy (Eds.), Quality-of-Life Studies in Marketing and Management (pp. 215-226). Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Tech, Center for Strategy and Marketing Studies.
Paloutzian, R.F. & Ellison, C.W. (1979). Religious commitment, loneliness, and quality of life. CAPS Bulletin, 5(3), 1.
Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being and quality of life. In L. A. Peplau, & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 224–237). New York: Wiley
Prentice, R. (1993). Tourism and heritage places. Routledge, London.
Puczkó, L., & Smith, M. (2011). Tourism-Specific Quality-of-Life Index: The Budapest Model. Quality-of-Life Community Indicators for Parks. Recreation and Tourism Management, 163-183.
Ritchie,J. (1988). Consensus policy formulation in tourism. Tourism management, 9, 99-126.
Scott, E. R., Agresti, A. A., & Fitchett, G. (1998). Factor analysis of the ‘Spiritual Well-Being Scale’ and its clinical utility with psychiatric inpatients. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 37(2), 314-318.
Sharma, B., Dyer, P., Carter, J. & Gursoy, D. (2008). Exploring residents’ perceptions of the social impacts of tourism on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 9 (3), 288 -311.
Sirgy, M. J. (2002). The psychology of quality of life (Vol. 12): Kluwer Academic Pub.
Sirgy, M.L., Cole, D., Kosenko, R., Meadow, H., Rahtz, L., Cicic, D., Jin, M., Yarsuvat, X., Blenkhorn, D.L., Nagpal, N., (1995). Developing a life satisfaction measure based on need hierarchy theory. In: Sirgy, M.J., Samli, A.C. (Eds.), New Dimensions of Marketing and Quality of Life. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, pp. 3–26.
Skevington, S. M., Lotfy, M., & O’Connell, K. A. (2004). The World Health Organization’s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial: A report from the WHOQOL Group. Quality of Life Research, 13, 299-310.
Sirgy, M. J. (1998). Materialism and quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 43, 227-260.
Sirgy, M. J. (2001). Handbook of quality of life research: An ethical marketing perspective. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Sirgy, M., Grewal, D., & Mangleburg, T. (2000). Retail environment, self-congruity, and retail patronage: An integrative model and a research agenda. Journal of Business research, 49, 127-138.
Sirgy, M. J., & Cornwell, T. (2001). Further validation of the Sirgy et al.’s measure of community quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 56, 125-143.
Stoeckl, N., Greiner, R., & Mayocchi, C. (2006). The community impacts of different types of visitors: an empirical investigation of tourism in North-west Queensland. Tourism Management, 27(1), 97-112.
Stynes, D. J. (1997). Economic Impacts of Tourism. A Handbook for Tourism Professionals, Illinois Bureau of Tourism, Illinois Department of Commerce and Community Affairs, Prepared by the Tourism Research
Tovar, C., & Lockwood, M. (2008). Social impacts of tourism: an Australian regional case study. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10, 365-378.
UNEP and UNWTO (2005). Making Tourism more Sustainable. A Guide for Policy Makers. United Nations Environment Programme and World Tourism Organization
Unger, L. S., & Kernan, J. B. (1983). On the meaning of leisure: An investigation of some determinants of the subjective experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 9 381-392.
Var, J., & S. Kim. (1990). Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism: A Practical Guide. 3rd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
Vargas-Sánchez, A., Plaza-Mejía, M.Á., & Porras-Bueno, N. (2009). Understanding residents’ attitudes toward the development of industrial tourism in a former mining community. Journal of Travel Research, 47(3), 373-387.
Vickerman, R. W. (1980). The new leisure society: An economic analysis. Futures, 12, 191-200
Wagner, J. (1995). Developing a strategy for the Angkor World Heritage Site, Tourism Management, 16(7), 515-523.
Weaver, V. & Lawton, L. (2001). Resident perceptions in the rural-urban fringe. Annals of tourism research, 28,439-58.
Yen, I. & Kerstetter, D. (2009). Tourism impacts, attitudes and behavioural intentions. Tourism Analysis, 13(5), 545- 564
Ahmed, Z. U. & Krohn, F. B. (1992). International Tourism, Marketing and Quality of Life in the Third World. India, a Case in Point. In Development in Quality of Life Studies in Marketing 4, edited by M. H. Sirgy, D. Meadow, D. Rahtz, and A. C. Samli, 150-6. Blacksburg, Virginia.
Alarcón, D. & Sánchez, J. A. (2015) Assessing convergent and discriminant validity in the ADHD-R IV rating scale: User-written commands for Average Variance Extracted (AVE), Composite Reliability (CR), and Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio of correlations (HTMT). Retrieved May, 20, 2016. From http://www.stata.com/meeting/spain15/abstracts/materials/spain15_alarcon.pdf
Almeida, F. Balbuena, A. & Cortés, R. (2015). Residents’ attitudes towards the impacts of tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 13(1), 33-40.
Andereck, K. L. (1995). Environmental Consequences of Tourism: A Review of Recent Research. In Linking Tourism, the Environment, and Sustainability, edited by S. F. McCool and A. E. Watson. General Technical Report No. INT-GTR-323. Ogdon, UT: Intermountain Research Station, pp. 77-81.
Andereck, K. L. & Vogt, C. A. (2000). The relationship between residents’ attitudes toward tourism and tourism development options. Journal of Travel Research, 39(1), 27-36.
Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C. & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 1056– 1076.
Andereck, K. L., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2011). Exploring the nature of tourism and quality of life perceptions among residents. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3),
248-260.
Andrews, F. M. & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being. New York / London: Plenum Press.
Argyle, M. (1996).The Social Psychology of Leisure, Penguin, London.
Bagozzi, R.P., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L.W., (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 421-458.
Brinkman, D.D. (1989). An evaluation of the Spiritual Well-Being Scale: Reliability and response measurement. Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 2201B.
Bufford, R.K., Paloutzian, R.F., & Ellison, C.W. (1991). Norms for the spiritual well-being scale. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 19(1), 56-70
Campbell, A. C., Converse, P. E., & Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life. New York: The Russel Sage Foundation.
Caporale, G. M., Georgellis, Y., Tsitsianis, N., & Yin, Y. P. (2009). Income and happiness across Europe: Do reference values matter? Journal of Economic Psychology, 30(1), 42-51.
Clark, A.E. & Oswald, A.J. (1994). Unhappiness and Unemployment. Economic Journal , 104, 648-659.
Clark, A.E., Frijters, P. & Shields, M. (2008).
Relative income, happiness, and utility: An explanation for the Easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1). 95‐144.
Cummins, R. A. (1996). The domains of life satisfaction: An attempt to order chaos. Social Indicators Research, 38, 303-332.
Cummins, R. (1997). Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale – Adult. fifth edition, manual, Deakin University, Australia.
Cummins, R. A., McCabe, M. P., Romeo, Y., & Gullone, E. (1994). The Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale: Instrument development and psychometric evaluation on tertiary staff and students. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 372-382.
Deery, M., Jago, L., & Fredline, L. (2012). Rethinking social impacts of tourism research: A new research agenda. Tour Manage, 33: 64-73.
Diener, E, & Fujita, F. (1995). Resources, personal strivings, and subjective well-being: A nomothetic and idiographic approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 926-935.
Dolnicar, S., Yanamandram, V. & Cliff, K. (2012) The contribution of vacations to quality of life. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 59–83.
Dolnicar, S., Lazarevski, K., & Yanamandram, V. (2012). Quality-of-Life and Travel Motivations: Integrating the Two Concepts in the Grevillea Model. pp, 293-308, in editors, Uysal, M., Perdue,R.R. & Sirgy, M.J. (ed), Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research Enhancing the Lives of Tourists and Residents of Host Communities, Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York.
Dyer, P., Gursoy, D., Sharma, B.& Carter, J. (2007). Structural modeling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Tourism Management, 28, 409–422.
Easterlin, R.A. (1995). Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 27, 1-34.
Ellison, C.W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: Conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(4), 330–340.
Ellul, A., (1999). Sustainable Tourism in the IMA-SIDS. in L. Briguglio (ed.) The Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States in the Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and Atlantic Regions (IMA-SIDS), UNEP,
Flanagan, J. C. (1978). A research approach to improving our quality of life. American Psychologist, 33, 138-147.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F.(1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50.
Gerstl, G. (1983). The fine art of leisure. Management World, 12, 8-10.
Gössling, S., & Hall, C.M. (2006). Uncertainties in predicting tourist flows under scenarios of climate change. Climatic Change, 79(3-4): 163-73
Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes. A structural modeling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79-105.
Gursoy, D., & Rutherford, D. G. (2004). Host attitudes toward tourism an improved structural model. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 495-516.
Gursoy, D., & Kendall, K. W. (2006). Hosting mega events modeling locals support. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 603-623.
Haggard, L. M., Granzin, K. L. & Painter, J. (1995). Quality-of life and the leisure-life experience: Development and test of a structural model. In H. Lee Meadow, M. Joseph Sirgy, & Don R. Rahtz (Eds.), Developments in Quality-of-Life Studies in Marketing, vol. 5 (pp. 144). DeKalb, Illinois: Academy of Marketing Science and the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies.
Hair, Jr., J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th Ed.), Pearson-Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Haley, A. J., Snaith, T. & Miller, G. (2005). The social impacts of tourism: A case study of Bath, UK. Annals of Tourism Research, 32, (3), 647–668.
Huh, C. & Vogt, C.A. (2008). Changes in residents’ attitudes toward tourism over time: a cohort analytical approach. Journal of Travel Research, 46 (4), 446 -455.
Kim, K. (2002). The effects of tourism impacts upon quality of life residents in the community. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Kim, K., M. Uysal, & Sirgy, M.J. (2013). How does tourism in a community impact the quality of life of community residents? Tourism Management, 36, 527-540.
Krupinski, J. (1980). Health and quality of life. Social Science and Medicine, 14A, 203-211.
Lankford, S. V. & Howard, D. (1994). Revising TIAS. Annals of Tourism Research, 21, 829-831.
Layard, R. (2005). Happiness: Lessons From a New Science. New York and London: Penguin.
Lee,L., Pratter,S., Fayard,D. & Robinson,S. (2011). On the use of partial least squares path modeling in accounting research. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, (12), 325-328.
Liu, J. C. & Var, T. (1986). Residents attitudes toward tourism impacts In Hawaii. Annals of Tourism Research, 13, 193-214.
McGehee, N., & Andereck, K. (2004). Factors predicting rural residents´ support of tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 43(2), 131–140.
Mckean, P. F. (1977). Towards a theoretical analysis of tourism: economic dualism and cultural involution in Bali. In V. L. Smith (Ed.), Hosts and guests: The anthropology of tourist (pp. 93-107). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Metzen, E. J., Dannerbeck, A. M. & Song, J. H. (1997). Life satisfaction among married and non-married parents. In H. Lee Meadow (Ed.) Development in Quality-of- 230 Life Studies in Marketing, vol. 1 (pp. 56). Blacksburg, Virginia: International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies.
Neal, J., Uysal, M., & Sirgy, M. (1999). Developing a macro measure of QOL/leisure satisfaction with travel/tourism service: stage one (conceptualization). In H. Lee Meadow, M. Joseph Sirgy, & Don R. Rahtz (Eds.), Developments in Quality-of-Life Studies in Marketing, vol. 5 (pp. 145-149). DeKalb, Illinois: Academy of Marketing Science and the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies.
Norman, W. C., Harwell, R., & dan Allen, L. R. (1997). The role of recreation on the quality of life of residents in rural communities in South Carolina. Development in Quality-of-Life Studies in Marketing (1), 65-87.
Page-Wood, E. P., Lane, P. M., & Lindquist, J. D. (1990). The leisure components in quality of life: Quality leisure and the forth dimension. In H. Lee Meadow & M. Joseph Sirgy (Eds.), Quality-of-Life Studies in Marketing and Management (pp. 215-226). Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Tech, Center for Strategy and Marketing Studies.
Paloutzian, R.F. & Ellison, C.W. (1979). Religious commitment, loneliness, and quality of life. CAPS Bulletin, 5(3), 1.
Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being and quality of life. In L. A. Peplau, & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 224–237). New York: Wiley
Prentice, R. (1993). Tourism and heritage places. Routledge, London.
Puczkó, L., & Smith, M. (2011). Tourism-Specific Quality-of-Life Index: The Budapest Model. Quality-of-Life Community Indicators for Parks. Recreation and Tourism Management, 163-183.
Ritchie,J. (1988). Consensus policy formulation in tourism. Tourism management, 9, 99-126.
Scott, E. R., Agresti, A. A., & Fitchett, G. (1998). Factor analysis of the ‘Spiritual Well-Being Scale’ and its clinical utility with psychiatric inpatients. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 37(2), 314-318.
Sharma, B., Dyer, P., Carter, J. & Gursoy, D. (2008). Exploring residents’ perceptions of the social impacts of tourism on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 9 (3), 288 -311.
Sirgy, M. J. (2002). The psychology of quality of life (Vol. 12): Kluwer Academic Pub.
Sirgy, M.L., Cole, D., Kosenko, R., Meadow, H., Rahtz, L., Cicic, D., Jin, M., Yarsuvat, X., Blenkhorn, D.L., Nagpal, N., (1995). Developing a life satisfaction measure based on need hierarchy theory. In: Sirgy, M.J., Samli, A.C. (Eds.), New Dimensions of Marketing and Quality of Life. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, pp. 3–26.
Skevington, S. M., Lotfy, M., & O’Connell, K. A. (2004). The World Health Organization’s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial: A report from the WHOQOL Group. Quality of Life Research, 13, 299-310.
Sirgy, M. J. (1998). Materialism and quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 43, 227-260.
Sirgy, M. J. (2001). Handbook of quality of life research: An ethical marketing perspective. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Sirgy, M., Grewal, D., & Mangleburg, T. (2000). Retail environment, self-congruity, and retail patronage: An integrative model and a research agenda. Journal of Business research, 49, 127-138.
Sirgy, M. J., & Cornwell, T. (2001). Further validation of the Sirgy et al.’s measure of community quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 56, 125-143.
Stoeckl, N., Greiner, R., & Mayocchi, C. (2006). The community impacts of different types of visitors: an empirical investigation of tourism in North-west Queensland. Tourism Management, 27(1), 97-112.
Stynes, D. J. (1997). Economic Impacts of Tourism. A Handbook for Tourism Professionals, Illinois Bureau of Tourism, Illinois Department of Commerce and Community Affairs, Prepared by the Tourism Research
Tovar, C., & Lockwood, M. (2008). Social impacts of tourism: an Australian regional case study. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10, 365-378.
UNEP and UNWTO (2005). Making Tourism more Sustainable. A Guide for Policy Makers. United Nations Environment Programme and World Tourism Organization
Unger, L. S., & Kernan, J. B. (1983). On the meaning of leisure: An investigation of some determinants of the subjective experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 9 381-392.
Var, J., & S. Kim. (1990). Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism: A Practical Guide. 3rd ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
Vargas-Sánchez, A., Plaza-Mejía, M.Á., & Porras-Bueno, N. (2009). Understanding residents’ attitudes toward the development of industrial tourism in a former mining community. Journal of Travel Research, 47(3), 373-387.
Vickerman, R. W. (1980). The new leisure society: An economic analysis. Futures, 12, 191-200
Wagner, J. (1995). Developing a strategy for the Angkor World Heritage Site, Tourism Management, 16(7), 515-523.
Weaver, V. & Lawton, L. (2001). Resident perceptions in the rural-urban fringe. Annals of tourism research, 28,439-58.
Yen, I. & Kerstetter, D. (2009). Tourism impacts, attitudes and behavioural intentions. Tourism Analysis, 13(5), 545- 564