Employment of Women and Domestic Violence: Empirical Evidences from Cambodia
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Published:
Feb 15, 2018
Keywords:
Employment of Women Domestic Violence Cambodia
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Abstract
Domestic violence is widespread around the world. The policy program that economically empower for women, specifically enhancing women in labor force market, have become popular policy options in order to improve gender equality. However, the relationship between improving women earning and household conflict are mixed. This paper aims to study the effect of women earning outside home on domestic violence by using national representative data from Cambodia Demographic Health Survey (CDHS) in 2014. By using two-stage least square method to control for the endogeneity issue, the result found that the effect of women’s employment on domestic violence is inconclusive where the previous methodology result found strongly negative effect on household conflict.
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References
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100(4), 1847–1859.
Alonso-Borrego, C., & Carrasco, R. (2017). Employment and the risk of domestic violence: does
the breadwinner’s gender matter? Applied Economics, 5071-5091.
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City: Asian Development Bank.
Bhattacharya, H. (2015). Spousal Violence and Women’s Employment in India. Feminist
Economics, 21(2), 30-52.
Bhattacharyya, M., Chhachhi, A., & Bedi, A. S. (2009). Marital Violence and Women’s Employment
and Property Status: Evidence from North Indian Villages. IZA Discussion Paper
No.4361, Institute for the Study of Labor - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit.
Bloch, F., & Rao, V. (2002). Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence
in Rural India. American Economic Review, 92(4), 1029-1043.
Bowlus, A.J., & Seitz, S. (2006). Domestic violence, employment, and divorce. International Economic Review, 47(4), 1113-1149.
Canavire Bacarreza, G. J., & Avila, F. R. (2010). Domestic Violence and Labor Market Outcomes:
Evidence from a Mixed-Race Developing Country. IZA Discussion Paper No.5273, Institute for the Study of Labor - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit.
Cavalcanti, T.V., & Tavares, J. (2008). The Output Cost of Gender Discrimination: A Model-Based
Macroeconomic Estimate. Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference. Zürich.
Chin, Y. M. (2012). Male backlash, bargaining, or exposure reduction?: women’s working status
and physical spousal violence in India. Journal of Population Economics, 25(1), 175-200.
Clark, C. J., Silverman, J., Khalaf, I. A., Ra’ad, B. A., & Aha’ar, Z. A. (2008). Intimate Partner
Violence and Interference with Women’s Efforts to Avoid Pregnancy in Jordan. Studies
in family planning, 39(2), 123-132.
Dugan, L., Nagin, D. S., & Rosenfeld, R. (1999). Explaining the decline in intimate partner
homicide: The effects of changing domesticity, women’s status, and domestic violence
resources. Homicide Studies, 3(3), 187-214.
Duvvury, N., Callan, A., Carney, P., & Raghavendra, S. (2013). intimate partner Violence:
economic costs and imlications for growth and development. Women’s Voice, Agency,
& Participation Research Series
Eng, S., Li, Y., Mulsow, M., & Fischer, J. (2010). Domestic Violence against Women in Cambodia:
Husband’s Control, Frequency of Spousal Discussion, and Domestic Violence Reported
by Cambodian Women. Journal of Family Violence, 25(3), 237–246.
Eswaran, M., & Malhotra, N. (2011). Domestic violence and women’s autonomy in developing
countries: theory and evidence. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’
conomique, 44(4), 1222–1263.
Farmer, A., & Tiefendthaler, J. (2004). The employment effects of domestic violence.
In Accounting for Worker Well-being, 301-334.
Farmer, A., & Tiefenthaler, J. (1997). An Economic Analysis of Domestic Violence. Review of
Social Economy, 55(3), 337-358.
Flake, D.F. (2005). Individual, Family, and Community Risk Markers for Domestic Violence in
Peru. Violence Against Women, 11(3), 353-373.
Goetz, A. M. (1996). Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural
credit programs in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(1), 45-63.
Gujarati, D. (2014). Econometric by Example. Palgrave Macmillan.
Heath, R. (2014). Women’s Access to Labor Market Opportunities, Control of Household
Resources, and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Development,
57 (Issue C), 32-46.
Hindin, M.J., Kishor, S., & Ansara, D.L. (2008). Intimate partner violence among couples in 10
DHS countries: predictors and health outcomes. DHS Analytical Studies 18.
Hornung, C.A., McCullough, B.C., & Sugimoto, T. (1981). Status Relationships in Marriage: Risk
Factors in Spouse Abuse. Journal of Marriage and Family, 43(3), 675-692.
International Labour Organization. (2016). Cambodian Garment and Footwear Sector Bulletin.
Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Jana, L., & Klasen, S. (2016). Does Women’s Labor Force Participation Reduce Domestic
Violence? Evidence from Jordan. Feminist Economics, 1-29.
Jejeebhoy, S.J. (1998). Associations between Wife-Beating and Fetal and Infant Death:
Impressions from a Survey in Rural India. Studies in Family Planning, 29(3), 300-308.
Klasen , S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment
on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries. Feminist Economics,
15(3), 91-132.
Koenig, M.A., Ahmed, S., Hossain, M.B., & Mozumder, K. A. (2003). Women’s status and
domestic violence in rural Bangladesh: Individual- and community-level effects.
Demography, 40(2), 269-288.
Luke, N., & Munshi, K. (2011). Women as agents of change: Female income and mobility in
India. Journal of Development Economics, 94(1), 1-17.
Lundberg, S., & Pollak, R. A. (1994). Noncooperative Bargaining Models of Marriage. The
American Economic Review, 84(2), 132-137.
Macmillan, r., & Gartner, r. (1999). When She Brings Home the Bacon: Labor-Force Participation
and the Risk of Spousal Violence against Women. Journal of Marriage and Family,
16(4), 947-958.
McElroy, M. B. (1990). The Empirical Content of Nash-Bargained Household Behavior. Journal
of Human Resources, 25(4), 559-583.
National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health [Cambodia], & ORC Macro. (2001).
Cambodia Demographic Health Survey 2000. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and Calverton,
Maryland USA: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and
ORC Macro.
National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, & ICF Internationa. (2015).
Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and
Rockville, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for
Health, and ICF International.
Olarte, E.G., & Llosa, P.G. (1999). Does poverty cause domestic violence? Some answers from
Lima. Inter-American Development Bank.
Organization, W.H. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence
and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Wold
Health Organization .
Panda, P., & Agarwal, B. (2005). Marital violence, human development and women’s property
status in India. World Development, 33(5), 823–850.
Pollak, R. A. (2004). An intergenerational model of domestic violence. Journal of Population
Economics, 311-329. doi:10.1007/s00148-003-0177-7
Rawlings, S., & Siddique , Z. (2014). Domestic Abuse and Child Health. IZA, No. 8566.
Seguino, S. (2000). Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis. World
Development, 28(7), 1211–1230.
Seguino, S., & Floro, M. S. (2003). Does Gender have any Effect on Aggregate Saving?
An empirical analysis. International Review of Applied Economics, 17(2), 147-166.
Sen, A. (1990). Gender and Cooperative Conflicts. Persistent Inequalities: Women and World
Development, Edited by: Tinker, Irene, 147-149.
Sen, A. (2001). Development as Freedom. Oxford Paperbacks.
Sherman, L. W., Schmidt, J. D., Rogan, D. P., Gartin, P. R., Cohn, E. G., Collins, D. J., &
Bacich, A. R. (1991). From Initial deterrence to longterm escalation: short-custody
arrest for poverty Ghetto domestic violence. Criminology, 29(4), 821-850.
Srinivasan, S., & Bedi, A. S. (2007). Domestic Violence and Dowry: Evidence from a South
Indian Village. World Development, 35(5), 857-880.
stotsky, J. G. (2006). Gender and its relevance to macroeconomic policy: A survey. International
Monetary Fund.
Tauchen, H. V., Witte, A. D., & Long, S. K. (1991). Domestic Violenc: A Nonrandom Affair.
International Economic Review, 32(2), 491-511.
The Cambodian Committee of Women. (2007). Violence Against Women: How Cambodian Laws
Discriminate Against Women. Phnom Penh: CAMBO.
Thomas, D. (1997). Incomes, Expenditures and Health Outcomes: Evidence on Intrahousehold
Resource Allocation. Intrahousehold resource allocation in developing countries, 142-64.
Tolman, R. M., & Wang, C. H. (2005). Domestic Violence and Women’s Employment: Fixed
Effects Models of Three Waves of Women’s Employment Study Data. American
Journal of Community Psychology, 147-158.
Vijayendra , R. (1997). Wife-beating in rural South India: A qualitative and econometric analysis.
Social Science & Medicine, 44(8), 1169-1180.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2015). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach. Nelson Education
100(4), 1847–1859.
Alonso-Borrego, C., & Carrasco, R. (2017). Employment and the risk of domestic violence: does
the breadwinner’s gender matter? Applied Economics, 5071-5091.
Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2014). Cambodia: Country poverty analysis 2014. Mandaluyong
City: Asian Development Bank.
Bhattacharya, H. (2015). Spousal Violence and Women’s Employment in India. Feminist
Economics, 21(2), 30-52.
Bhattacharyya, M., Chhachhi, A., & Bedi, A. S. (2009). Marital Violence and Women’s Employment
and Property Status: Evidence from North Indian Villages. IZA Discussion Paper
No.4361, Institute for the Study of Labor - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit.
Bloch, F., & Rao, V. (2002). Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence
in Rural India. American Economic Review, 92(4), 1029-1043.
Bowlus, A.J., & Seitz, S. (2006). Domestic violence, employment, and divorce. International Economic Review, 47(4), 1113-1149.
Canavire Bacarreza, G. J., & Avila, F. R. (2010). Domestic Violence and Labor Market Outcomes:
Evidence from a Mixed-Race Developing Country. IZA Discussion Paper No.5273, Institute for the Study of Labor - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit.
Cavalcanti, T.V., & Tavares, J. (2008). The Output Cost of Gender Discrimination: A Model-Based
Macroeconomic Estimate. Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference. Zürich.
Chin, Y. M. (2012). Male backlash, bargaining, or exposure reduction?: women’s working status
and physical spousal violence in India. Journal of Population Economics, 25(1), 175-200.
Clark, C. J., Silverman, J., Khalaf, I. A., Ra’ad, B. A., & Aha’ar, Z. A. (2008). Intimate Partner
Violence and Interference with Women’s Efforts to Avoid Pregnancy in Jordan. Studies
in family planning, 39(2), 123-132.
Dugan, L., Nagin, D. S., & Rosenfeld, R. (1999). Explaining the decline in intimate partner
homicide: The effects of changing domesticity, women’s status, and domestic violence
resources. Homicide Studies, 3(3), 187-214.
Duvvury, N., Callan, A., Carney, P., & Raghavendra, S. (2013). intimate partner Violence:
economic costs and imlications for growth and development. Women’s Voice, Agency,
& Participation Research Series
Eng, S., Li, Y., Mulsow, M., & Fischer, J. (2010). Domestic Violence against Women in Cambodia:
Husband’s Control, Frequency of Spousal Discussion, and Domestic Violence Reported
by Cambodian Women. Journal of Family Violence, 25(3), 237–246.
Eswaran, M., & Malhotra, N. (2011). Domestic violence and women’s autonomy in developing
countries: theory and evidence. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’
conomique, 44(4), 1222–1263.
Farmer, A., & Tiefendthaler, J. (2004). The employment effects of domestic violence.
In Accounting for Worker Well-being, 301-334.
Farmer, A., & Tiefenthaler, J. (1997). An Economic Analysis of Domestic Violence. Review of
Social Economy, 55(3), 337-358.
Flake, D.F. (2005). Individual, Family, and Community Risk Markers for Domestic Violence in
Peru. Violence Against Women, 11(3), 353-373.
Goetz, A. M. (1996). Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural
credit programs in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(1), 45-63.
Gujarati, D. (2014). Econometric by Example. Palgrave Macmillan.
Heath, R. (2014). Women’s Access to Labor Market Opportunities, Control of Household
Resources, and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Development,
57 (Issue C), 32-46.
Hindin, M.J., Kishor, S., & Ansara, D.L. (2008). Intimate partner violence among couples in 10
DHS countries: predictors and health outcomes. DHS Analytical Studies 18.
Hornung, C.A., McCullough, B.C., & Sugimoto, T. (1981). Status Relationships in Marriage: Risk
Factors in Spouse Abuse. Journal of Marriage and Family, 43(3), 675-692.
International Labour Organization. (2016). Cambodian Garment and Footwear Sector Bulletin.
Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Jana, L., & Klasen, S. (2016). Does Women’s Labor Force Participation Reduce Domestic
Violence? Evidence from Jordan. Feminist Economics, 1-29.
Jejeebhoy, S.J. (1998). Associations between Wife-Beating and Fetal and Infant Death:
Impressions from a Survey in Rural India. Studies in Family Planning, 29(3), 300-308.
Klasen , S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment
on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries. Feminist Economics,
15(3), 91-132.
Koenig, M.A., Ahmed, S., Hossain, M.B., & Mozumder, K. A. (2003). Women’s status and
domestic violence in rural Bangladesh: Individual- and community-level effects.
Demography, 40(2), 269-288.
Luke, N., & Munshi, K. (2011). Women as agents of change: Female income and mobility in
India. Journal of Development Economics, 94(1), 1-17.
Lundberg, S., & Pollak, R. A. (1994). Noncooperative Bargaining Models of Marriage. The
American Economic Review, 84(2), 132-137.
Macmillan, r., & Gartner, r. (1999). When She Brings Home the Bacon: Labor-Force Participation
and the Risk of Spousal Violence against Women. Journal of Marriage and Family,
16(4), 947-958.
McElroy, M. B. (1990). The Empirical Content of Nash-Bargained Household Behavior. Journal
of Human Resources, 25(4), 559-583.
National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health [Cambodia], & ORC Macro. (2001).
Cambodia Demographic Health Survey 2000. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and Calverton,
Maryland USA: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and
ORC Macro.
National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, & ICF Internationa. (2015).
Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and
Rockville, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for
Health, and ICF International.
Olarte, E.G., & Llosa, P.G. (1999). Does poverty cause domestic violence? Some answers from
Lima. Inter-American Development Bank.
Organization, W.H. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence
and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Wold
Health Organization .
Panda, P., & Agarwal, B. (2005). Marital violence, human development and women’s property
status in India. World Development, 33(5), 823–850.
Pollak, R. A. (2004). An intergenerational model of domestic violence. Journal of Population
Economics, 311-329. doi:10.1007/s00148-003-0177-7
Rawlings, S., & Siddique , Z. (2014). Domestic Abuse and Child Health. IZA, No. 8566.
Seguino, S. (2000). Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis. World
Development, 28(7), 1211–1230.
Seguino, S., & Floro, M. S. (2003). Does Gender have any Effect on Aggregate Saving?
An empirical analysis. International Review of Applied Economics, 17(2), 147-166.
Sen, A. (1990). Gender and Cooperative Conflicts. Persistent Inequalities: Women and World
Development, Edited by: Tinker, Irene, 147-149.
Sen, A. (2001). Development as Freedom. Oxford Paperbacks.
Sherman, L. W., Schmidt, J. D., Rogan, D. P., Gartin, P. R., Cohn, E. G., Collins, D. J., &
Bacich, A. R. (1991). From Initial deterrence to longterm escalation: short-custody
arrest for poverty Ghetto domestic violence. Criminology, 29(4), 821-850.
Srinivasan, S., & Bedi, A. S. (2007). Domestic Violence and Dowry: Evidence from a South
Indian Village. World Development, 35(5), 857-880.
stotsky, J. G. (2006). Gender and its relevance to macroeconomic policy: A survey. International
Monetary Fund.
Tauchen, H. V., Witte, A. D., & Long, S. K. (1991). Domestic Violenc: A Nonrandom Affair.
International Economic Review, 32(2), 491-511.
The Cambodian Committee of Women. (2007). Violence Against Women: How Cambodian Laws
Discriminate Against Women. Phnom Penh: CAMBO.
Thomas, D. (1997). Incomes, Expenditures and Health Outcomes: Evidence on Intrahousehold
Resource Allocation. Intrahousehold resource allocation in developing countries, 142-64.
Tolman, R. M., & Wang, C. H. (2005). Domestic Violence and Women’s Employment: Fixed
Effects Models of Three Waves of Women’s Employment Study Data. American
Journal of Community Psychology, 147-158.
Vijayendra , R. (1997). Wife-beating in rural South India: A qualitative and econometric analysis.
Social Science & Medicine, 44(8), 1169-1180.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2015). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach. Nelson Education