การจ้างงานสตรีและความรุนแรงในครัวเรือน : กรณีศึกษาประเทศกัมพูชา
คำสำคัญ:
การจ้างงานสตรี, ความรุนแรงในครัวเรือน, กัมพูชาบทคัดย่อ
ปัญหาความรุนแรงในครอบครัวเป็นปัญหาที่เกิดขึ้นทั่วทุกมุมโลก ซึ่งนโยบายที่ช่วยส่งเสริมสนับสนุน ให้ผู้หญิงได้มีอำนาจทางเศรษฐกิจโดยเฉพาะการผลักดันให้ผู้หญิงเข้าสู่ตลาดแรงงานได้นั้นกลายเป็น นโยบายที่เป็นที่นิยมเพื่อที่จะแก้ไขปัญหาความไม่เท่าเทียมกันทางเพศ ในงานวิจัยนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อ ศึกษาผลกระทบของการมีรายได้ของผู้หญิงจากการทำงานนอกบ้านกับปัญหาความรุนแรงในครัวเรือน โดยใช้ข้อมูลการสำรวจประชากรและสุขภาพของประเทศกัมพูชาในปี พ.ศ. 2557 (Cambodia Demographic Health Survey) จากการประมาณการในแบบจำลองพบว่า ผลกระทบจากสถานภาพ การจ้างงานของผู้หญิงต่อความรุนแรงในครอบครัวนั้นไม่สามารถสรุปได้ว่ามีความสัมพันธ์ใดๆ ต่อกัน ซึ่งขัดแย้งกับผลการวิจัยโดยใช้เครื่องมือก่อนหน้านี้พบว่า สถานภาพการจ้างงานของผู้หญิงนั้นมีความสัมพันธ์เชิงลบต่อความขัดแย้งในครอบครัว
เอกสารอ้างอิง
Aizer, A. (2010). The Gender Wage Gap and Domestic Violence. The American economic review,
100(4), 1847–1859.
Alonso-Borrego, C., & Carrasco, R. (2017). Employment and the risk of domestic violence: does
the breadwinner’s gender matter? Applied Economics, 5071-5091.
Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2014). Cambodia: Country poverty analysis 2014. Mandaluyong
City: Asian Development Bank.
Bhattacharya, H. (2015). Spousal Violence and Women’s Employment in India. Feminist
Economics, 21(2), 30-52.
Bhattacharyya, M., Chhachhi, A., & Bedi, A. S. (2009). Marital Violence and Women’s Employment
and Property Status: Evidence from North Indian Villages. IZA Discussion Paper
No.4361, Institute for the Study of Labor - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit.
Bloch, F., & Rao, V. (2002). Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence
in Rural India. American Economic Review, 92(4), 1029-1043.
Bowlus, A.J., & Seitz, S. (2006). Domestic violence, employment, and divorce. International Economic Review, 47(4), 1113-1149.
Canavire Bacarreza, G. J., & Avila, F. R. (2010). Domestic Violence and Labor Market Outcomes:
Evidence from a Mixed-Race Developing Country. IZA Discussion Paper No.5273, Institute for the Study of Labor - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit.
Cavalcanti, T.V., & Tavares, J. (2008). The Output Cost of Gender Discrimination: A Model-Based
Macroeconomic Estimate. Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference. Zürich.
Chin, Y. M. (2012). Male backlash, bargaining, or exposure reduction?: women’s working status
and physical spousal violence in India. Journal of Population Economics, 25(1), 175-200.
Clark, C. J., Silverman, J., Khalaf, I. A., Ra’ad, B. A., & Aha’ar, Z. A. (2008). Intimate Partner
Violence and Interference with Women’s Efforts to Avoid Pregnancy in Jordan. Studies
in family planning, 39(2), 123-132.
Dugan, L., Nagin, D. S., & Rosenfeld, R. (1999). Explaining the decline in intimate partner
homicide: The effects of changing domesticity, women’s status, and domestic violence
resources. Homicide Studies, 3(3), 187-214.
Duvvury, N., Callan, A., Carney, P., & Raghavendra, S. (2013). intimate partner Violence:
economic costs and imlications for growth and development. Women’s Voice, Agency,
& Participation Research Series
Eng, S., Li, Y., Mulsow, M., & Fischer, J. (2010). Domestic Violence against Women in Cambodia:
Husband’s Control, Frequency of Spousal Discussion, and Domestic Violence Reported
by Cambodian Women. Journal of Family Violence, 25(3), 237–246.
Eswaran, M., & Malhotra, N. (2011). Domestic violence and women’s autonomy in developing
countries: theory and evidence. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’
conomique, 44(4), 1222–1263.
Farmer, A., & Tiefendthaler, J. (2004). The employment effects of domestic violence.
In Accounting for Worker Well-being, 301-334.
Farmer, A., & Tiefenthaler, J. (1997). An Economic Analysis of Domestic Violence. Review of
Social Economy, 55(3), 337-358.
Flake, D.F. (2005). Individual, Family, and Community Risk Markers for Domestic Violence in
Peru. Violence Against Women, 11(3), 353-373.
Goetz, A. M. (1996). Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural
credit programs in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(1), 45-63.
Gujarati, D. (2014). Econometric by Example. Palgrave Macmillan.
Heath, R. (2014). Women’s Access to Labor Market Opportunities, Control of Household
Resources, and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Development,
57 (Issue C), 32-46.
Hindin, M.J., Kishor, S., & Ansara, D.L. (2008). Intimate partner violence among couples in 10
DHS countries: predictors and health outcomes. DHS Analytical Studies 18.
Hornung, C.A., McCullough, B.C., & Sugimoto, T. (1981). Status Relationships in Marriage: Risk
Factors in Spouse Abuse. Journal of Marriage and Family, 43(3), 675-692.
International Labour Organization. (2016). Cambodian Garment and Footwear Sector Bulletin.
Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Jana, L., & Klasen, S. (2016). Does Women’s Labor Force Participation Reduce Domestic
Violence? Evidence from Jordan. Feminist Economics, 1-29.
Jejeebhoy, S.J. (1998). Associations between Wife-Beating and Fetal and Infant Death:
Impressions from a Survey in Rural India. Studies in Family Planning, 29(3), 300-308.
Klasen , S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment
on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries. Feminist Economics,
15(3), 91-132.
Koenig, M.A., Ahmed, S., Hossain, M.B., & Mozumder, K. A. (2003). Women’s status and
domestic violence in rural Bangladesh: Individual- and community-level effects.
Demography, 40(2), 269-288.
Luke, N., & Munshi, K. (2011). Women as agents of change: Female income and mobility in
India. Journal of Development Economics, 94(1), 1-17.
Lundberg, S., & Pollak, R. A. (1994). Noncooperative Bargaining Models of Marriage. The
American Economic Review, 84(2), 132-137.
Macmillan, r., & Gartner, r. (1999). When She Brings Home the Bacon: Labor-Force Participation
and the Risk of Spousal Violence against Women. Journal of Marriage and Family,
16(4), 947-958.
McElroy, M. B. (1990). The Empirical Content of Nash-Bargained Household Behavior. Journal
of Human Resources, 25(4), 559-583.
National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health [Cambodia], & ORC Macro. (2001).
Cambodia Demographic Health Survey 2000. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and Calverton,
Maryland USA: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and
ORC Macro.
National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, & ICF Internationa. (2015).
Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and
Rockville, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for
Health, and ICF International.
Olarte, E.G., & Llosa, P.G. (1999). Does poverty cause domestic violence? Some answers from
Lima. Inter-American Development Bank.
Organization, W.H. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence
and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Wold
Health Organization .
Panda, P., & Agarwal, B. (2005). Marital violence, human development and women’s property
status in India. World Development, 33(5), 823–850.
Pollak, R. A. (2004). An intergenerational model of domestic violence. Journal of Population
Economics, 311-329. doi:10.1007/s00148-003-0177-7
Rawlings, S., & Siddique , Z. (2014). Domestic Abuse and Child Health. IZA, No. 8566.
Seguino, S. (2000). Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis. World
Development, 28(7), 1211–1230.
Seguino, S., & Floro, M. S. (2003). Does Gender have any Effect on Aggregate Saving?
An empirical analysis. International Review of Applied Economics, 17(2), 147-166.
Sen, A. (1990). Gender and Cooperative Conflicts. Persistent Inequalities: Women and World
Development, Edited by: Tinker, Irene, 147-149.
Sen, A. (2001). Development as Freedom. Oxford Paperbacks.
Sherman, L. W., Schmidt, J. D., Rogan, D. P., Gartin, P. R., Cohn, E. G., Collins, D. J., &
Bacich, A. R. (1991). From Initial deterrence to longterm escalation: short-custody
arrest for poverty Ghetto domestic violence. Criminology, 29(4), 821-850.
Srinivasan, S., & Bedi, A. S. (2007). Domestic Violence and Dowry: Evidence from a South
Indian Village. World Development, 35(5), 857-880.
stotsky, J. G. (2006). Gender and its relevance to macroeconomic policy: A survey. International
Monetary Fund.
Tauchen, H. V., Witte, A. D., & Long, S. K. (1991). Domestic Violenc: A Nonrandom Affair.
International Economic Review, 32(2), 491-511.
The Cambodian Committee of Women. (2007). Violence Against Women: How Cambodian Laws
Discriminate Against Women. Phnom Penh: CAMBO.
Thomas, D. (1997). Incomes, Expenditures and Health Outcomes: Evidence on Intrahousehold
Resource Allocation. Intrahousehold resource allocation in developing countries, 142-64.
Tolman, R. M., & Wang, C. H. (2005). Domestic Violence and Women’s Employment: Fixed
Effects Models of Three Waves of Women’s Employment Study Data. American
Journal of Community Psychology, 147-158.
Vijayendra , R. (1997). Wife-beating in rural South India: A qualitative and econometric analysis.
Social Science & Medicine, 44(8), 1169-1180.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2015). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach. Nelson Education
100(4), 1847–1859.
Alonso-Borrego, C., & Carrasco, R. (2017). Employment and the risk of domestic violence: does
the breadwinner’s gender matter? Applied Economics, 5071-5091.
Asian Development Bank (ADB). (2014). Cambodia: Country poverty analysis 2014. Mandaluyong
City: Asian Development Bank.
Bhattacharya, H. (2015). Spousal Violence and Women’s Employment in India. Feminist
Economics, 21(2), 30-52.
Bhattacharyya, M., Chhachhi, A., & Bedi, A. S. (2009). Marital Violence and Women’s Employment
and Property Status: Evidence from North Indian Villages. IZA Discussion Paper
No.4361, Institute for the Study of Labor - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit.
Bloch, F., & Rao, V. (2002). Terror as a Bargaining Instrument: A Case Study of Dowry Violence
in Rural India. American Economic Review, 92(4), 1029-1043.
Bowlus, A.J., & Seitz, S. (2006). Domestic violence, employment, and divorce. International Economic Review, 47(4), 1113-1149.
Canavire Bacarreza, G. J., & Avila, F. R. (2010). Domestic Violence and Labor Market Outcomes:
Evidence from a Mixed-Race Developing Country. IZA Discussion Paper No.5273, Institute for the Study of Labor - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit.
Cavalcanti, T.V., & Tavares, J. (2008). The Output Cost of Gender Discrimination: A Model-Based
Macroeconomic Estimate. Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference. Zürich.
Chin, Y. M. (2012). Male backlash, bargaining, or exposure reduction?: women’s working status
and physical spousal violence in India. Journal of Population Economics, 25(1), 175-200.
Clark, C. J., Silverman, J., Khalaf, I. A., Ra’ad, B. A., & Aha’ar, Z. A. (2008). Intimate Partner
Violence and Interference with Women’s Efforts to Avoid Pregnancy in Jordan. Studies
in family planning, 39(2), 123-132.
Dugan, L., Nagin, D. S., & Rosenfeld, R. (1999). Explaining the decline in intimate partner
homicide: The effects of changing domesticity, women’s status, and domestic violence
resources. Homicide Studies, 3(3), 187-214.
Duvvury, N., Callan, A., Carney, P., & Raghavendra, S. (2013). intimate partner Violence:
economic costs and imlications for growth and development. Women’s Voice, Agency,
& Participation Research Series
Eng, S., Li, Y., Mulsow, M., & Fischer, J. (2010). Domestic Violence against Women in Cambodia:
Husband’s Control, Frequency of Spousal Discussion, and Domestic Violence Reported
by Cambodian Women. Journal of Family Violence, 25(3), 237–246.
Eswaran, M., & Malhotra, N. (2011). Domestic violence and women’s autonomy in developing
countries: theory and evidence. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’
conomique, 44(4), 1222–1263.
Farmer, A., & Tiefendthaler, J. (2004). The employment effects of domestic violence.
In Accounting for Worker Well-being, 301-334.
Farmer, A., & Tiefenthaler, J. (1997). An Economic Analysis of Domestic Violence. Review of
Social Economy, 55(3), 337-358.
Flake, D.F. (2005). Individual, Family, and Community Risk Markers for Domestic Violence in
Peru. Violence Against Women, 11(3), 353-373.
Goetz, A. M. (1996). Who takes the credit? Gender, power, and control over loan use in rural
credit programs in Bangladesh. World Development, 24(1), 45-63.
Gujarati, D. (2014). Econometric by Example. Palgrave Macmillan.
Heath, R. (2014). Women’s Access to Labor Market Opportunities, Control of Household
Resources, and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Development,
57 (Issue C), 32-46.
Hindin, M.J., Kishor, S., & Ansara, D.L. (2008). Intimate partner violence among couples in 10
DHS countries: predictors and health outcomes. DHS Analytical Studies 18.
Hornung, C.A., McCullough, B.C., & Sugimoto, T. (1981). Status Relationships in Marriage: Risk
Factors in Spouse Abuse. Journal of Marriage and Family, 43(3), 675-692.
International Labour Organization. (2016). Cambodian Garment and Footwear Sector Bulletin.
Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Jana, L., & Klasen, S. (2016). Does Women’s Labor Force Participation Reduce Domestic
Violence? Evidence from Jordan. Feminist Economics, 1-29.
Jejeebhoy, S.J. (1998). Associations between Wife-Beating and Fetal and Infant Death:
Impressions from a Survey in Rural India. Studies in Family Planning, 29(3), 300-308.
Klasen , S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment
on Economic Growth: New Evidence for a Panel of Countries. Feminist Economics,
15(3), 91-132.
Koenig, M.A., Ahmed, S., Hossain, M.B., & Mozumder, K. A. (2003). Women’s status and
domestic violence in rural Bangladesh: Individual- and community-level effects.
Demography, 40(2), 269-288.
Luke, N., & Munshi, K. (2011). Women as agents of change: Female income and mobility in
India. Journal of Development Economics, 94(1), 1-17.
Lundberg, S., & Pollak, R. A. (1994). Noncooperative Bargaining Models of Marriage. The
American Economic Review, 84(2), 132-137.
Macmillan, r., & Gartner, r. (1999). When She Brings Home the Bacon: Labor-Force Participation
and the Risk of Spousal Violence against Women. Journal of Marriage and Family,
16(4), 947-958.
McElroy, M. B. (1990). The Empirical Content of Nash-Bargained Household Behavior. Journal
of Human Resources, 25(4), 559-583.
National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health [Cambodia], & ORC Macro. (2001).
Cambodia Demographic Health Survey 2000. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and Calverton,
Maryland USA: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, and
ORC Macro.
National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for Health, & ICF Internationa. (2015).
Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and
Rockville, Maryland, USA: National Institute of Statistics, Directorate General for
Health, and ICF International.
Olarte, E.G., & Llosa, P.G. (1999). Does poverty cause domestic violence? Some answers from
Lima. Inter-American Development Bank.
Organization, W.H. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence
and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Wold
Health Organization .
Panda, P., & Agarwal, B. (2005). Marital violence, human development and women’s property
status in India. World Development, 33(5), 823–850.
Pollak, R. A. (2004). An intergenerational model of domestic violence. Journal of Population
Economics, 311-329. doi:10.1007/s00148-003-0177-7
Rawlings, S., & Siddique , Z. (2014). Domestic Abuse and Child Health. IZA, No. 8566.
Seguino, S. (2000). Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis. World
Development, 28(7), 1211–1230.
Seguino, S., & Floro, M. S. (2003). Does Gender have any Effect on Aggregate Saving?
An empirical analysis. International Review of Applied Economics, 17(2), 147-166.
Sen, A. (1990). Gender and Cooperative Conflicts. Persistent Inequalities: Women and World
Development, Edited by: Tinker, Irene, 147-149.
Sen, A. (2001). Development as Freedom. Oxford Paperbacks.
Sherman, L. W., Schmidt, J. D., Rogan, D. P., Gartin, P. R., Cohn, E. G., Collins, D. J., &
Bacich, A. R. (1991). From Initial deterrence to longterm escalation: short-custody
arrest for poverty Ghetto domestic violence. Criminology, 29(4), 821-850.
Srinivasan, S., & Bedi, A. S. (2007). Domestic Violence and Dowry: Evidence from a South
Indian Village. World Development, 35(5), 857-880.
stotsky, J. G. (2006). Gender and its relevance to macroeconomic policy: A survey. International
Monetary Fund.
Tauchen, H. V., Witte, A. D., & Long, S. K. (1991). Domestic Violenc: A Nonrandom Affair.
International Economic Review, 32(2), 491-511.
The Cambodian Committee of Women. (2007). Violence Against Women: How Cambodian Laws
Discriminate Against Women. Phnom Penh: CAMBO.
Thomas, D. (1997). Incomes, Expenditures and Health Outcomes: Evidence on Intrahousehold
Resource Allocation. Intrahousehold resource allocation in developing countries, 142-64.
Tolman, R. M., & Wang, C. H. (2005). Domestic Violence and Women’s Employment: Fixed
Effects Models of Three Waves of Women’s Employment Study Data. American
Journal of Community Psychology, 147-158.
Vijayendra , R. (1997). Wife-beating in rural South India: A qualitative and econometric analysis.
Social Science & Medicine, 44(8), 1169-1180.
Wooldridge, J. M. (2015). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach. Nelson Education
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