An Analytical Study of Natural Law Legal Philosophy in John Locke’s Thought

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Vason Choochai
Suwin Thongpan
Chakkapan Wongpornpavan

Abstract

This research aimed to: (1) examine the development of natural-law legal philosophy; (2) study John Locke’s legal philosophy; and (3) analyze the relationship among natural law, natural rights, consent, and the legitimacy of political authority in Locke’s thought. The study employed documentary research. Locke’s Second Treatise of Government and Two Treatises of Government were used as primary sources, together with relevant secondary literature. The materials were organized thematically and interpreted through legal-philosophical analysis.
The findings were as follows:
1. Natural-law thought developed from accounts of justice and reason that are not reducible to commands of the state toward a framework connecting law, morality, and political authority. Medieval natural-law theory, particularly that associated with Thomas Aquinas, located natural law within the eternal law, whereas modern natural-law thought in Locke shifted attention toward the moral status and pre-political rights of individuals.
2. Locke’s legal philosophy holds that persons in the state of nature are free and equal under natural law. The rights to life, liberty, and property therefore do not originate from state authorization. Political society is established by consent to address the absence of impartial and settled enforcement of natural law. Political power is consequently entrusted to government for the protection of rights rather than treated as unlimited authority over them.
3. The analysis identifies a sequence linking natural law, rights and duties, problems of enforcement, consent to political society, government as a trust, and the right to scrutinize or resist government when that trust is breached. The strength of Locke’s framework lies in placing rights prior to political authority. Its philosophical difficulty concerns who may determine that a breach of trust is sufficiently serious to justify resistance. Locke’s account should therefore be read by distinguishing moral legitimacy from the continuing legal force of positive law.

Article Details

How to Cite
Choochai, V., Thongpan, S., & Wongpornpavan, C. (2026). An Analytical Study of Natural Law Legal Philosophy in John Locke’s Thought. Dhammathas Academic Journal, 26(3), 151–160. retrieved from https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/dhammathas/article/view/295600
Section
บทความวิจัย (Research Article)

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