The Conceptual and Theoretical Review of Revitalization of Local Culture
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Published:
Jun 30, 2020
Keywords:
neoliberalism theoretical framework ethnic group cultural revitalization
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Abstract
This paper aims to explore and investigate the relevant understanding of theoretical frameworks, concepts and paradigms that explain and describe the cultural revitalization of ethnic groups and indigenous people. Meanwhile, it critically questions the cultural definition and the way of life of local people generated in the modern society, which is consistent to and harmonized with the power of the twenty-first century neoliberalism. Besides, the paper also indicates that various concepts and theories defined and determined the cultural succession and preservation among ethnic groups are connected to the identity politics, process of cultural commodification, capitalist agenda, consumerism and tourism industries.
Article Details
How to Cite
Duangwises, N. (2020). The Conceptual and Theoretical Review of Revitalization of Local Culture. Journal of Anthropology, Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (JASAC), 3(1), 38–75. Retrieved from https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jasac/article/view/243150
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Academic Article
copyrights@ Journal of Anthropology, Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (JASAC)
Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (Public Organization), Bangkok, Thailand
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https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
References
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Alfred, T. 2009. “Colonialism and State Dependency”, Journal of Aboriginal Health, 5(2): 42–60.
Alfred, T. and Corntassel, J. 2005. “Being Indigenous: Resurgences against Contemporary Colonialism”, Government and Opposition, 40(4): 597–614.
Ames, M. M. 1957. “Reaction to Stress: A Comparative Study of Nativism”, Davidson Journal of Anthropology, 3(1): 17-30.
Anderson, ฺM. 2014. “Ruth Benedict, Boasian Anthropology and the Problem of the Color Line”, History and Anthropology, 25(3): 395-414.
Barrett, S. R. 2002. Culture Meets Power. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
Bashkow, I. 2004. “A Neo-Boasian Conception of Cultural Boundaries”, American Anthropologist, 106(3): 443-458.
Benedict, R. 1934. Patterns of Culture. Boston and New York: A Mariner Books.
Bennett, T. 1998. Culture: A Reformer’s Science. London: Sage.
Bennett, T. 2004. Pasts Beyond Memory: Evolution, Museum, Colonialism. London and New York: Routledge.
Bennett, T. 2015. “Cultural Studies and the Culture Concept”, Cultural Studies, 29(4): 546-568.
Blommaert, J. & Verschueren, J. 1998. Debating Diversity: Analysing the Discourse of Tolerance. London: Routledge.
Boorstein, D. 1964 The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. New York: Harper.
Broderstad, E. G. 2014. “Implementing Indigenous Self-Determination: The Case Study of the Sami in Norway”. In Woons, Marc. (ed.), Restoring Indigenous Self-Determination: Theoretical and Practical Approaches. (pp. 80-87). Bristol, UK: E-International Relations.
Bunzl, M. 1996. “Franz Boas and the Hamboldtain Tradition: from Volksgeist and Nationalcharakter to an Anthropological Concept of Culture”. In G. Stocking Jr. (ed.), Volksgeist as Method and Ethic: Essays on Boasian Anthropology and the German Anthropological Tradition. (pp. 17-78). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Caneen, J. M. 2014. “Tourism and Cultural Identity: The Case of the Polynesian Cultural Center”, Athens Journal of Tourism, 1(2): 101-120.
Champagne, D. 2005. “Rethinking Native Relations with Contemporary Nation-States”. In Duane Champagne, Karen Jo Torjesen, and Susan Steiner. (eds.), Indigenous Peoples and the Modern State. (pp. 3-23). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Cocq, C. 2014. “Traditionalisation for Revitalization: Tradition as a Concept and Practice in Contemporary Sami Context”, Folklore, 57: 79-100.
Cohen, E. 1979. “Rethinking the Sociology of Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, 6: 18–35.
Cohen, E. 1988. “Authenticity and Commoditization in Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, 15: 371–386.
Cohen, E. 2012. “Southeast Asian Ethnic Tourism in a Changing World”, Asian Anthropology, 7(1): 25-56.
Comaroff, J. 1985. Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Conn, S. 2004. History’s Shadow: Native American and Historical Consciousness in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Cornell, S. 2015. “Processes of Native Nationhood: The Indigenous Politics of Self-Government”, The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 6(4). doi: 10.18584/iipj.2015.6.4.4.
Duffy, R. 2015. “Nature-Based Tourism and Neoliberalism: Concealing Contradictions”, Tourism Geographies, 17(4): 529-543.
Eagleton, T. 2000. The Idea of Culture. Oxford: Blackwell.
Evans, B. 2005. Before Culture: The Ethnographic Imagination in American Literature 1865-1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Everett, M. W. 1968. Revitalization in Melanesia: A Descriptive Analysis. A Thesis of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
Fletcher, R. 2014. Romancing the Wild: Cultural Dimensions of Ecotourism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Fletcher, R. 2011. “Sustaining Tourism, Sustaining Capitalism? The Tourism Industry’s Role in Global Capitalist Expansion”, Tourism Geographies, 13: 443-461.
Greenwood, D. J. 1977. “Culture by the Pound: Anthropological Perspectives on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization”. in Smith, V.L. (ed), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Grunewald, R. de A. 2003. “Tourism and Ethnicity”, Horizontes Antropológicos, 9(20): 141-159.
Handler, R. 2004. “Afterword: Mysterious of Culture”, American Anthropologist, 106(3): 488-494.
Handler, R. 2005. Critics against Culture: Anthropological Observers of Mass Society. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Harkin, M. E. (ed.). 2004. Reassessing Revitalization Movements: Perspective from North America and the Pacific Islands. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Hegeman, S. 1999. Patterns for America: Modernism and the Concept of Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hughes, G. 1995. “Authenticity in Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, 22: 781-803.
Jacobson, M. 1998. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Jebens, H. 2004. Cargo, Cult, Culture and Critique. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Karlsson, B. G. 2001. “Indigenous Politics: Community Formation and Indigenous Peoples’ Struggle for Self-Determination in Northeast India”, Identities, 8(1): 7-45.
Keesing, R. M. 1974. “Theories of Culture”, Annual Review of Anthropology, 3: 73-97.
Keeing, R. M. 1990. “Theories of Culture Revisited”, Canberra Anthropology, 13(2): 46-60.
Keesing, R. M. 1994. “Radical cultural difference: Anthropology’s myth?”. in Putz, M. (ed.), Language Contact and Language Conflict, (pp. 3-23). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Khan, S. R. and Khan, I. A. 2014. “Understanding Ethnicity and National Culture: A Theoretical Perspective on Knowledge Management in the Organization”, Knowledge and Process Management, 22(1): 1-11.
King, T. 2012. The Inconvenient Indian: A Curious Account of Native Peoples in North America. Toronto: Doubleday.
Kobben, A. J. F. 1960. “Prophetic Movements as an Expression of Social Protest”, International Archives of Ethnography, 49: 117-164.
Kopytoff, I. 1964. “Classification of Religious Movements: Analytical and Synthetic”. in Spiro, M. E. (ed.), Symposium of New Approaches to the Study of Religion. (pp.77-90). Seattle: the American Ethnological Society.
Koselleck, R.1985. Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time. Tribe, K. (trans.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kroeber, A. and Kluckhohn, C. 1952. Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. MA, Paper of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Harvard University.
Kuper, A. 2000. Culture: The Anthropologists’ Account. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kymlicka, W. 2013. “Neoliberal Multiculturalism?”. in Hall, P. A. and Lamont, M. (eds.), Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era. (pp. 99-126). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Lanternari, V. 1963. The Religious of the Oppressed: A Study of Modern Messianic Cults. New York: New American Library.
Current Anthropology. 1965. “Book Review of The Religious of the Oppressed”, Current Anthropology, 6(4): 447-465.
Liebmann, M. 2008. “The innovative materiality of revitalization movements: Lessons from the Pueblo Revolt of 1680”, American Anthropologist, 110(3): 360-372.
Lindstrom, L. 1993. Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of Desire from Melanesia and Beyond. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Lindstrom, L. 2006. “Dreaming of Unity and Cargo in Melanesia”. Paper Prepared for Cultural Heritage and Political Innovation in the Pacific Islands Conference. University of Bergen.
Linton, R. 1943. “Nativistic Movement”, American Anthropologist, 45: 230-240.
Loulanski, T. 2006. “Revising the Concept for Cultural Heritage: An Argument for a Functional Approach”, International Journal of Cultural Property, 13: 207-233.
MacCannell, D. 1976. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Schocken Books.
MacCannell, D. 1992. “The Locke Case”. in MacCannell, D. (ed.), Empty Meeting Grounds. (pp. 172-180). London: Routledge.
Malinowski, B. 1913. The Family among the Australian Aborigines: a Sociological Study. London: University of London Press.
Malinowski, B. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: Routledge.
Marcus, G. E. and Fisher, M. M.J. 1986. Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mosedale, J. (ed.) 2016. Neoliberalism and the Political Economy of Tourism. London: Routledge.
Niezen, R. 2003. The Origins of Indigenism: Human Rights and the Politics of Identity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Ojha, H., Cameron J. and Kumar C. 2009. “Deliberation or Symbolic Violence? The Governance of Community Forestry in Nepal”, Forest Policy and Economics, 11(5–6): 365–374.
Oakes, T. S. 1997. “Ethnic Tourism in Guizhou: Sense of Place and the Commerce of Authenticity”. In Picard, M. and Wood, R. E. (eds.), Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Pavlovic, D. and Knezevic, M. 2017. “Is Contemporary Tourism Only a Neoliberal Manipulation?”, Acta Economica Et Turistica, 3(1): 1-98.
Pretty, J. and Others. 2009. “The Intersections of Biological Diversity and Cultural Diversity: towards Integration,” Conservation and Society 7(2): 1120–112.
Rowse, T. 2014. “Self-Deternination as Self-Transformation”. in Woons, M. (ed.), Restoring Indigenous Self-Determination: Theoretical and Practical Approaches, (pp. 42-51). Bristol, UK: E-International Relations.
Rodriguez, I. 2017. “Linking Well-Being with Cultural Revitalization for Greater Cognitive Justice in Conservation: Lessons from Venezuela in Canaima National Park”, Ecology and Society, 22(4): 24.
Silverman, E. K. 2012. “From Cannibal Tours to cargo cult: On the aftermath of tourism in the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea”, Tourist Studies, 12(2): 109-130.
Smith, L. T. 2012. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books.
Smith, M. W. 1959. “Towards a Classification of Cult Movements”, Man, 59(2): 8-12.
Stocking, G. W. Jr. 1968. “Franz Boas and the Culture Concept in Historical Perspective”. in Stocking, G. W. (ed.), Race, Culture and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology. (pp. 195-223). New York: Free Press.
Strathern, M. 1988. The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Takamizawa, E. 2004. “Revitalization Movements Theory and Japanese Mission”, Torch Trinity Journal, 7: 168-175.
Tesoriero, F. and Ife, J. 2006. Community Development: Community-based Alternatives in an Age of Globalization. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Thomas, N. 1992. “The Inversion of Tradition”, American Ethnologist, 19(2): 213-232.
Tully, J. 2000. “The Struggles of Indigenous Peoples for and of Freedom”. in Ivison, D., Patton, P. and Sanders, W. (eds.), Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (pp. 41-50). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Tylor, E. B. 1871. Primitive Culture. Volume 1. London: John Murray.
United Nations Human Rights. 2013. Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations Human Rights System. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
Van den Berghe, P. L. and Keyes C. F. 1984. “Introduction Tourism and Re-Created Ethnicity”, Annals of Tourism Research, 11(3): 343-352.
Varese, S. 2006. Witness to Sovereignty: Essays on the Indian Movement in Latin America. Copenhagen, Denmark: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
Visvanathan, S. 1997. A Carnival for Science: Essays on Science, Technology and Development. London: Oxford University Press.
Visweswaran, K. 1998. “Race and the Culture of Anthropology”, American Anthropologist, 100(1): 70-83.
Voget, F. W. 1956. “The American Indian in Transition: Reformation and Accommodation”, American Anthropologist, 58(2): 249-263.
Vokes, R. 2007. “Rethinking the Anthropology of Religious Change: New Perspectives on Revitalization and Conversion Movements”, Reviews in Anthropology, 36: 311-333.
Wallace, A. F.C. 1956. “Revitalization Movements”, American Anthropologist, 58: 264-281.
Wang, N. 1999. “Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience”, Annals of Tourism Research, 26: 349–370.
Wilkinson, C. 2005. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. New York, NY: WW Norton.
Willis, W. S. Jr. 1999. “Skeleton in Anthropological Closet”. in Hymes, D. (ed.), Reinventing Anthropology. (pp. 121-151). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Willow, A. J. 2010. “Cultivating Common Ground Cultural Revitalization in Anishinaabe and Anthropological Discourse”, The American Indian Quarterly, 34(1): 33-60.
Wilson, T. 1970. Cargo Cult and Economic Development in Transitional Melanesia. Thesis of Anthropology, McMaster University.
Wolf, E. 1999. Envisioning Power: Ideologies of Dominance and Crisis. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
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Abu-Lughod, L. 1999. “Writing against Culture”. In Richard G. Fox (ed.), Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present. (pp. 50-59). Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
Alfred, T. 2009. “Colonialism and State Dependency”, Journal of Aboriginal Health, 5(2): 42–60.
Alfred, T. and Corntassel, J. 2005. “Being Indigenous: Resurgences against Contemporary Colonialism”, Government and Opposition, 40(4): 597–614.
Ames, M. M. 1957. “Reaction to Stress: A Comparative Study of Nativism”, Davidson Journal of Anthropology, 3(1): 17-30.
Anderson, ฺM. 2014. “Ruth Benedict, Boasian Anthropology and the Problem of the Color Line”, History and Anthropology, 25(3): 395-414.
Barrett, S. R. 2002. Culture Meets Power. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
Bashkow, I. 2004. “A Neo-Boasian Conception of Cultural Boundaries”, American Anthropologist, 106(3): 443-458.
Benedict, R. 1934. Patterns of Culture. Boston and New York: A Mariner Books.
Bennett, T. 1998. Culture: A Reformer’s Science. London: Sage.
Bennett, T. 2004. Pasts Beyond Memory: Evolution, Museum, Colonialism. London and New York: Routledge.
Bennett, T. 2015. “Cultural Studies and the Culture Concept”, Cultural Studies, 29(4): 546-568.
Blommaert, J. & Verschueren, J. 1998. Debating Diversity: Analysing the Discourse of Tolerance. London: Routledge.
Boorstein, D. 1964 The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America. New York: Harper.
Broderstad, E. G. 2014. “Implementing Indigenous Self-Determination: The Case Study of the Sami in Norway”. In Woons, Marc. (ed.), Restoring Indigenous Self-Determination: Theoretical and Practical Approaches. (pp. 80-87). Bristol, UK: E-International Relations.
Bunzl, M. 1996. “Franz Boas and the Hamboldtain Tradition: from Volksgeist and Nationalcharakter to an Anthropological Concept of Culture”. In G. Stocking Jr. (ed.), Volksgeist as Method and Ethic: Essays on Boasian Anthropology and the German Anthropological Tradition. (pp. 17-78). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Caneen, J. M. 2014. “Tourism and Cultural Identity: The Case of the Polynesian Cultural Center”, Athens Journal of Tourism, 1(2): 101-120.
Champagne, D. 2005. “Rethinking Native Relations with Contemporary Nation-States”. In Duane Champagne, Karen Jo Torjesen, and Susan Steiner. (eds.), Indigenous Peoples and the Modern State. (pp. 3-23). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Cocq, C. 2014. “Traditionalisation for Revitalization: Tradition as a Concept and Practice in Contemporary Sami Context”, Folklore, 57: 79-100.
Cohen, E. 1979. “Rethinking the Sociology of Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, 6: 18–35.
Cohen, E. 1988. “Authenticity and Commoditization in Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, 15: 371–386.
Cohen, E. 2012. “Southeast Asian Ethnic Tourism in a Changing World”, Asian Anthropology, 7(1): 25-56.
Comaroff, J. 1985. Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Conn, S. 2004. History’s Shadow: Native American and Historical Consciousness in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
Cornell, S. 2015. “Processes of Native Nationhood: The Indigenous Politics of Self-Government”, The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 6(4). doi: 10.18584/iipj.2015.6.4.4.
Duffy, R. 2015. “Nature-Based Tourism and Neoliberalism: Concealing Contradictions”, Tourism Geographies, 17(4): 529-543.
Eagleton, T. 2000. The Idea of Culture. Oxford: Blackwell.
Evans, B. 2005. Before Culture: The Ethnographic Imagination in American Literature 1865-1920. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Everett, M. W. 1968. Revitalization in Melanesia: A Descriptive Analysis. A Thesis of Anthropology, University of Arizona.
Fletcher, R. 2014. Romancing the Wild: Cultural Dimensions of Ecotourism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Fletcher, R. 2011. “Sustaining Tourism, Sustaining Capitalism? The Tourism Industry’s Role in Global Capitalist Expansion”, Tourism Geographies, 13: 443-461.
Greenwood, D. J. 1977. “Culture by the Pound: Anthropological Perspectives on Tourism as Cultural Commoditization”. in Smith, V.L. (ed), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Grunewald, R. de A. 2003. “Tourism and Ethnicity”, Horizontes Antropológicos, 9(20): 141-159.
Handler, R. 2004. “Afterword: Mysterious of Culture”, American Anthropologist, 106(3): 488-494.
Handler, R. 2005. Critics against Culture: Anthropological Observers of Mass Society. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Harkin, M. E. (ed.). 2004. Reassessing Revitalization Movements: Perspective from North America and the Pacific Islands. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Hegeman, S. 1999. Patterns for America: Modernism and the Concept of Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hughes, G. 1995. “Authenticity in Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, 22: 781-803.
Jacobson, M. 1998. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Jebens, H. 2004. Cargo, Cult, Culture and Critique. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Karlsson, B. G. 2001. “Indigenous Politics: Community Formation and Indigenous Peoples’ Struggle for Self-Determination in Northeast India”, Identities, 8(1): 7-45.
Keesing, R. M. 1974. “Theories of Culture”, Annual Review of Anthropology, 3: 73-97.
Keeing, R. M. 1990. “Theories of Culture Revisited”, Canberra Anthropology, 13(2): 46-60.
Keesing, R. M. 1994. “Radical cultural difference: Anthropology’s myth?”. in Putz, M. (ed.), Language Contact and Language Conflict, (pp. 3-23). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Khan, S. R. and Khan, I. A. 2014. “Understanding Ethnicity and National Culture: A Theoretical Perspective on Knowledge Management in the Organization”, Knowledge and Process Management, 22(1): 1-11.
King, T. 2012. The Inconvenient Indian: A Curious Account of Native Peoples in North America. Toronto: Doubleday.
Kobben, A. J. F. 1960. “Prophetic Movements as an Expression of Social Protest”, International Archives of Ethnography, 49: 117-164.
Kopytoff, I. 1964. “Classification of Religious Movements: Analytical and Synthetic”. in Spiro, M. E. (ed.), Symposium of New Approaches to the Study of Religion. (pp.77-90). Seattle: the American Ethnological Society.
Koselleck, R.1985. Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time. Tribe, K. (trans.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Kroeber, A. and Kluckhohn, C. 1952. Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions. MA, Paper of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Harvard University.
Kuper, A. 2000. Culture: The Anthropologists’ Account. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kymlicka, W. 2013. “Neoliberal Multiculturalism?”. in Hall, P. A. and Lamont, M. (eds.), Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era. (pp. 99-126). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Lanternari, V. 1963. The Religious of the Oppressed: A Study of Modern Messianic Cults. New York: New American Library.
Current Anthropology. 1965. “Book Review of The Religious of the Oppressed”, Current Anthropology, 6(4): 447-465.
Liebmann, M. 2008. “The innovative materiality of revitalization movements: Lessons from the Pueblo Revolt of 1680”, American Anthropologist, 110(3): 360-372.
Lindstrom, L. 1993. Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of Desire from Melanesia and Beyond. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Lindstrom, L. 2006. “Dreaming of Unity and Cargo in Melanesia”. Paper Prepared for Cultural Heritage and Political Innovation in the Pacific Islands Conference. University of Bergen.
Linton, R. 1943. “Nativistic Movement”, American Anthropologist, 45: 230-240.
Loulanski, T. 2006. “Revising the Concept for Cultural Heritage: An Argument for a Functional Approach”, International Journal of Cultural Property, 13: 207-233.
MacCannell, D. 1976. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Schocken Books.
MacCannell, D. 1992. “The Locke Case”. in MacCannell, D. (ed.), Empty Meeting Grounds. (pp. 172-180). London: Routledge.
Malinowski, B. 1913. The Family among the Australian Aborigines: a Sociological Study. London: University of London Press.
Malinowski, B. 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: Routledge.
Marcus, G. E. and Fisher, M. M.J. 1986. Anthropology as Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in the Human Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mosedale, J. (ed.) 2016. Neoliberalism and the Political Economy of Tourism. London: Routledge.
Niezen, R. 2003. The Origins of Indigenism: Human Rights and the Politics of Identity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Ojha, H., Cameron J. and Kumar C. 2009. “Deliberation or Symbolic Violence? The Governance of Community Forestry in Nepal”, Forest Policy and Economics, 11(5–6): 365–374.
Oakes, T. S. 1997. “Ethnic Tourism in Guizhou: Sense of Place and the Commerce of Authenticity”. In Picard, M. and Wood, R. E. (eds.), Tourism, Ethnicity, and the State in Asian and Pacific Societies. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Pavlovic, D. and Knezevic, M. 2017. “Is Contemporary Tourism Only a Neoliberal Manipulation?”, Acta Economica Et Turistica, 3(1): 1-98.
Pretty, J. and Others. 2009. “The Intersections of Biological Diversity and Cultural Diversity: towards Integration,” Conservation and Society 7(2): 1120–112.
Rowse, T. 2014. “Self-Deternination as Self-Transformation”. in Woons, M. (ed.), Restoring Indigenous Self-Determination: Theoretical and Practical Approaches, (pp. 42-51). Bristol, UK: E-International Relations.
Rodriguez, I. 2017. “Linking Well-Being with Cultural Revitalization for Greater Cognitive Justice in Conservation: Lessons from Venezuela in Canaima National Park”, Ecology and Society, 22(4): 24.
Silverman, E. K. 2012. “From Cannibal Tours to cargo cult: On the aftermath of tourism in the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea”, Tourist Studies, 12(2): 109-130.
Smith, L. T. 2012. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London: Zed Books.
Smith, M. W. 1959. “Towards a Classification of Cult Movements”, Man, 59(2): 8-12.
Stocking, G. W. Jr. 1968. “Franz Boas and the Culture Concept in Historical Perspective”. in Stocking, G. W. (ed.), Race, Culture and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology. (pp. 195-223). New York: Free Press.
Strathern, M. 1988. The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Takamizawa, E. 2004. “Revitalization Movements Theory and Japanese Mission”, Torch Trinity Journal, 7: 168-175.
Tesoriero, F. and Ife, J. 2006. Community Development: Community-based Alternatives in an Age of Globalization. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Thomas, N. 1992. “The Inversion of Tradition”, American Ethnologist, 19(2): 213-232.
Tully, J. 2000. “The Struggles of Indigenous Peoples for and of Freedom”. in Ivison, D., Patton, P. and Sanders, W. (eds.), Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. (pp. 41-50). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Tylor, E. B. 1871. Primitive Culture. Volume 1. London: John Murray.
United Nations Human Rights. 2013. Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations Human Rights System. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
Van den Berghe, P. L. and Keyes C. F. 1984. “Introduction Tourism and Re-Created Ethnicity”, Annals of Tourism Research, 11(3): 343-352.
Varese, S. 2006. Witness to Sovereignty: Essays on the Indian Movement in Latin America. Copenhagen, Denmark: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
Visvanathan, S. 1997. A Carnival for Science: Essays on Science, Technology and Development. London: Oxford University Press.
Visweswaran, K. 1998. “Race and the Culture of Anthropology”, American Anthropologist, 100(1): 70-83.
Voget, F. W. 1956. “The American Indian in Transition: Reformation and Accommodation”, American Anthropologist, 58(2): 249-263.
Vokes, R. 2007. “Rethinking the Anthropology of Religious Change: New Perspectives on Revitalization and Conversion Movements”, Reviews in Anthropology, 36: 311-333.
Wallace, A. F.C. 1956. “Revitalization Movements”, American Anthropologist, 58: 264-281.
Wang, N. 1999. “Rethinking Authenticity in Tourism Experience”, Annals of Tourism Research, 26: 349–370.
Wilkinson, C. 2005. Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations. New York, NY: WW Norton.
Willis, W. S. Jr. 1999. “Skeleton in Anthropological Closet”. in Hymes, D. (ed.), Reinventing Anthropology. (pp. 121-151). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Willow, A. J. 2010. “Cultivating Common Ground Cultural Revitalization in Anishinaabe and Anthropological Discourse”, The American Indian Quarterly, 34(1): 33-60.
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