Influence of Belief in a Just World and Belief in Karma on Moral Judgment
คำสำคัญ:
โลกมีความยุติธรรม, กรรม, การตัดสินด้านจริยธรรมบทคัดย่อ
งานวิจัยนี้มีจุดมุ่งหมายเพื่อศึกษาอิทธิพลของความเชื่อว่าโลกมีความยุติธรรมและความเชื่อในกฎแห่งกรรมที่ส่งผลต่อการตัดสินด้านจริยธรรมในสถานการณ์ที่แตกต่างกันโดยจำแนกตามเงื่อนไข ได้แก่ (1) ชะตากรรมของตัวละครสำคัญ (ชะตากรรมไม่ดี หรือไม่ปรากฏชะตากรรม) และ (2) สถานการณ์เชิงจริยธรรม 1 ใน 6 รูปแบบตามแนวคิดพื้นฐานจริยธรรม ผู้วิจัยเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลด้วยแบบสอบถามออนไลน์จากนักศึกษาระดับปริญญาตรีที่มีอายุระหว่าง 18 - 25 ปี จำนวน 360 คน ผลการศึกษาไม่พบอิทธิพลของความเชื่อในกฎแห่งกรรม แต่พบว่า ความเชื่อว่าโลกมีความยุติธรรม มีอิทธิพลต่อการตัดสินจริยธรรมด้านการกระทำในสถานการณ์เชิงจริยธรรม 3 ด้าน ได้แก่
มีอิทธิพลทางบวกในด้านความเที่ยงธรรม/คดโกง (การนอกใจคู่สมรส) มีอิทธิพลทางลบในด้านความภักดี/ทรยศ (การนำข้อมูลความลับไปเผยแพร่) และด้านเสรีภาพ/กดขี่ (การขอให้คนรักเปลี่ยนศาสนา) อย่างมีนัยสำคัญทางสถิติที่ระดับ .05 นอกจากนี้ยังพบว่า สถานการณ์ด้านเสรีภาพ/กดขี่ ได้รับการประเมินการกระทำในทางลบน้อยกว่าสถานการณ์อื่น ๆ
คำสำคัญ: ความเชื่อว่าโลกมีความยุติธรรม ความเชื่อในกฎแห่งกรรม ชะตากรรม การตัดสินด้านจริยธรรม
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เอกสารอ้างอิง
Arad, A. (2014). Avoiding greedy behavior in situations of uncertainty: The role of magical
thinking. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 53, 17-23. DOI:
10.1016/j.socec.2014.07.003
Banerjee, K., & Bloom, P. (2016). You get what you give: Children’s karmic bargaining.
Developmental Science, 20(5), 1-13. DOI: 10.1111/desc.12442
Banerjee, K., & Bloom, P. (2014). Why did this happen to me? religious believers’ and non-
believers’ teleological reasoning about life events. Cognition, 133(1), 277-303. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.06.017
Bhuyan, R., Mell, M., Senturia, K., Sullivan, M., & Shiu-Thornton, S. (2005). “Women must endure
according to their karma” Cambodian immigrant women talk about domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(8), 902-921. DOI: 10.1177/088260505277675
Bizer, G.Y., Hart, J., & Jekogian, A. M. (2012). Belief in a just world and social dominance orientation: Evidence for a mediational pathway predicting negative attitudes and discrimination against individuals with mental illness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 428-432. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.002
Burley, M. (2014). Karma, Morality, and Evil. Philosophy Compass, 9(6), 415-430. DOI:
10.1111/phc3.12138
Broeders, R., van den Bos, K., Müller, P. A., & Ham, J. (2011). Should I save or should I not kill?
How people solve moral dilemmas depends on which rule is most accessible. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 923-934. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.03.018
Callan, M. J., Ellard, J. H., & Nicol, J. E. (2006). The belief in a just world and immanent justice
reasoning in adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(12), 1646-1658. DOI: 10.1177/0146167206292236
Callan, M. J., Sutton, R. M., Harvey, A. J., & Dawtry, R. J. (2014). Immanent justice reasoning:
Theory, research, and current directions. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 105-161. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800052-6.00002-0
Clifford, S., Iyengar V., Cabeza R., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2015). Moral foundations vignettes: A
standardized stimulus database of scenarios based on moral foundations theory. Behavior Research Methods, 47(4), 1178-1198. DOI: 10.3758/s13428-014-0551-2
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Correia, I., & Vala, J. (2003). When will a victim be secondarily victimized? The effect of
observer's belief in a just world, victim's innocence and persistence of suffering. Social Justice Research, 16(4), 379-400. DOI: 10.1023/A: 1026313716185
Cozzarelli, C., Wilkinson, A. V., & Tagler, M. J. (2001). Attitudes toward the poor and attributions
for poverty. Journal of Social Issues, 57(2), 207-227. DOI: 10.1111/0022-4537.00209
Cuyper, A., D. (2016). Blame the Outgroup: Can our Beliefs in a Just World Lead to Prejudice
and Racism?. (Master dissetation). Ghent University. Retrieved from https://lib.ugent.be/ fulltxt/RUG01/002/274/609/RUG01-002274609_2016_0001_AC.pdf
Dalbert, C., Lipkus, I. M., Sallay, H., & Goch, I. (2001). A just and an unjust world: Structure and
validity of different world beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(4), 561-577. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00055-6
Dellantonio, S., & Job, R. (2012). Moral intuitions vs. moral reasoning. a philosophical analysis of
the explanatory models intuitionism relies on. In L. Magnani & P. Li (eds.), Philosophy and Cognitive Science (pp. 239-262). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29928-5_13
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2012). G*Power 3. Retrieved from
http://www.psycho.uni-duesseldorf.de/abteilungen/aap/gpower3
Furnham, A. (2003). Belief in a just world: Research progress over the past decade. Personality
and Individual Differences, 34(5), 795-817. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00072-7
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2012). Moral
Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism. Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2184440
Hafer, C. L., & Begue, L. (2005). Experimental research on just-world theory: Problems,
developments, and future challenges. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 128-167. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.128
Hafer, C. L., & Choma, B. L. (2009). Belief in a just world, perceived fairness, and justification of
the status quo. In J. T. Jost, A. C. Kay, & H. Thorisdottir (Eds.), Social and psychological bases of ideology and system justification (pp. 107-125). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral
judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814-834. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814
Kestner, J. M. (2009). Relating color blind racial attitudes, social dominance orientation and
just world beliefs. (Doctoral dissertation). Loyola University Chicago. Retrieved from http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/235
Khoynezhad, G., Rajaei, A. R., & Sarvarazemy, A. (2012). Basic religious beliefs and personality traits. Iran J Psychiatry, 7, 82-86.
Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp.347-480). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
Kohlberg, L., Levine, C. G., & Hewer, A. (1983). Moral stages: A current formulation and a
response to critics. New York, NY: Karger. Krishnan, V. R. (2013). The effect of optimism and belief in the law of karma on transformational
leadership. International Journal on Vedic Foundations of Management, 1(1), 51–66.
Lerner, M. J. (2003). The justice motive: Where social psychologists found it, how they lost it,
and why they may not find it again. Personality and Socical Psychology Review, 7(4),
389-399. DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0704_10
Lerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back
and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 85(5), 1030-1051. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030
Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer's reaction to the "innocent victim": Compassion
or rejection?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(2), 203-210. DOI:
10.1037/h0023562
Maes, J., & Schmitt, M. (1999). More on ultimate and immanent justice: Results from the
research project “Justice as a problem within reunified Germany”. Social Justice Research, 12, 65-78. DOI: 10.1023/A: 1022039624976
Myers, D. G. (2017). Social Psychology (12th ed.). New York: MeGraw-Hill.
Oppenheimer, L. (2005). Justice and the belief in a just world: A developmental perspective.
Personality and Individual Differences, 38(8), 1793-1803. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.11.007.
Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P. A. Payutto). (2012). Phut tham chabap prap khayāi [Buddhadhamma
extended edition]. Retrieved from http://www.watnyanaves.net/uploads/File/books/ pdf/buddhadhamma _extended_edition.pdf
Poonsub, U. (2003). Bukkhalikkaphāp hā ʻongprakō̜p kap phrưttikam kān pen samāchik thī dī
khō̜ng ʻongkān : kō̜ranī sưksā kō̜ng rāidai kān prapā ืnakhō̜n lūang [The big five personality types and organizational citizenship behavior: a case study of revenue division, metropolitan waterworks authority]. Retrieved from http://digi.library.tu.ac.th/thesis/ lib/0906/01TITLE.pdf
Wenzel, K., Schindler, S., & Reinhard, M. A. (2017). General belief in a just world is positively
associated with dishonest behavior. Frontier in Psychology, 8, 1-8. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg. 2017.01770
Yen, C. L. (2013). It is our destiny to die: The effects of mortality salience and culture-priming on
fatalism and karma belief. International Journal of Psychology, 48(5), 818-828. DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2012.678363
thinking. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 53, 17-23. DOI:
10.1016/j.socec.2014.07.003
Banerjee, K., & Bloom, P. (2016). You get what you give: Children’s karmic bargaining.
Developmental Science, 20(5), 1-13. DOI: 10.1111/desc.12442
Banerjee, K., & Bloom, P. (2014). Why did this happen to me? religious believers’ and non-
believers’ teleological reasoning about life events. Cognition, 133(1), 277-303. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.06.017
Bhuyan, R., Mell, M., Senturia, K., Sullivan, M., & Shiu-Thornton, S. (2005). “Women must endure
according to their karma” Cambodian immigrant women talk about domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(8), 902-921. DOI: 10.1177/088260505277675
Bizer, G.Y., Hart, J., & Jekogian, A. M. (2012). Belief in a just world and social dominance orientation: Evidence for a mediational pathway predicting negative attitudes and discrimination against individuals with mental illness. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 428-432. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.002
Burley, M. (2014). Karma, Morality, and Evil. Philosophy Compass, 9(6), 415-430. DOI:
10.1111/phc3.12138
Broeders, R., van den Bos, K., Müller, P. A., & Ham, J. (2011). Should I save or should I not kill?
How people solve moral dilemmas depends on which rule is most accessible. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 923-934. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.03.018
Callan, M. J., Ellard, J. H., & Nicol, J. E. (2006). The belief in a just world and immanent justice
reasoning in adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(12), 1646-1658. DOI: 10.1177/0146167206292236
Callan, M. J., Sutton, R. M., Harvey, A. J., & Dawtry, R. J. (2014). Immanent justice reasoning:
Theory, research, and current directions. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 49, 105-161. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800052-6.00002-0
Clifford, S., Iyengar V., Cabeza R., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2015). Moral foundations vignettes: A
standardized stimulus database of scenarios based on moral foundations theory. Behavior Research Methods, 47(4), 1178-1198. DOI: 10.3758/s13428-014-0551-2
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Correia, I., & Vala, J. (2003). When will a victim be secondarily victimized? The effect of
observer's belief in a just world, victim's innocence and persistence of suffering. Social Justice Research, 16(4), 379-400. DOI: 10.1023/A: 1026313716185
Cozzarelli, C., Wilkinson, A. V., & Tagler, M. J. (2001). Attitudes toward the poor and attributions
for poverty. Journal of Social Issues, 57(2), 207-227. DOI: 10.1111/0022-4537.00209
Cuyper, A., D. (2016). Blame the Outgroup: Can our Beliefs in a Just World Lead to Prejudice
and Racism?. (Master dissetation). Ghent University. Retrieved from https://lib.ugent.be/ fulltxt/RUG01/002/274/609/RUG01-002274609_2016_0001_AC.pdf
Dalbert, C., Lipkus, I. M., Sallay, H., & Goch, I. (2001). A just and an unjust world: Structure and
validity of different world beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(4), 561-577. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00055-6
Dellantonio, S., & Job, R. (2012). Moral intuitions vs. moral reasoning. a philosophical analysis of
the explanatory models intuitionism relies on. In L. Magnani & P. Li (eds.), Philosophy and Cognitive Science (pp. 239-262). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-29928-5_13
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2012). G*Power 3. Retrieved from
http://www.psycho.uni-duesseldorf.de/abteilungen/aap/gpower3
Furnham, A. (2003). Belief in a just world: Research progress over the past decade. Personality
and Individual Differences, 34(5), 795-817. DOI: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00072-7
Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2012). Moral
Foundations Theory: The Pragmatic Validity of Moral Pluralism. Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2184440
Hafer, C. L., & Begue, L. (2005). Experimental research on just-world theory: Problems,
developments, and future challenges. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 128-167. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.128
Hafer, C. L., & Choma, B. L. (2009). Belief in a just world, perceived fairness, and justification of
the status quo. In J. T. Jost, A. C. Kay, & H. Thorisdottir (Eds.), Social and psychological bases of ideology and system justification (pp. 107-125). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral
judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814-834. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814
Kestner, J. M. (2009). Relating color blind racial attitudes, social dominance orientation and
just world beliefs. (Doctoral dissertation). Loyola University Chicago. Retrieved from http://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/235
Khoynezhad, G., Rajaei, A. R., & Sarvarazemy, A. (2012). Basic religious beliefs and personality traits. Iran J Psychiatry, 7, 82-86.
Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp.347-480). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.
Kohlberg, L., Levine, C. G., & Hewer, A. (1983). Moral stages: A current formulation and a
response to critics. New York, NY: Karger. Krishnan, V. R. (2013). The effect of optimism and belief in the law of karma on transformational
leadership. International Journal on Vedic Foundations of Management, 1(1), 51–66.
Lerner, M. J. (2003). The justice motive: Where social psychologists found it, how they lost it,
and why they may not find it again. Personality and Socical Psychology Review, 7(4),
389-399. DOI: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0704_10
Lerner, M. J., & Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back
and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 85(5), 1030-1051. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030
Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer's reaction to the "innocent victim": Compassion
or rejection?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4(2), 203-210. DOI:
10.1037/h0023562
Maes, J., & Schmitt, M. (1999). More on ultimate and immanent justice: Results from the
research project “Justice as a problem within reunified Germany”. Social Justice Research, 12, 65-78. DOI: 10.1023/A: 1022039624976
Myers, D. G. (2017). Social Psychology (12th ed.). New York: MeGraw-Hill.
Oppenheimer, L. (2005). Justice and the belief in a just world: A developmental perspective.
Personality and Individual Differences, 38(8), 1793-1803. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.11.007.
Phra Brahmagunabhorn (P. A. Payutto). (2012). Phut tham chabap prap khayāi [Buddhadhamma
extended edition]. Retrieved from http://www.watnyanaves.net/uploads/File/books/ pdf/buddhadhamma _extended_edition.pdf
Poonsub, U. (2003). Bukkhalikkaphāp hā ʻongprakō̜p kap phrưttikam kān pen samāchik thī dī
khō̜ng ʻongkān : kō̜ranī sưksā kō̜ng rāidai kān prapā ืnakhō̜n lūang [The big five personality types and organizational citizenship behavior: a case study of revenue division, metropolitan waterworks authority]. Retrieved from http://digi.library.tu.ac.th/thesis/ lib/0906/01TITLE.pdf
Wenzel, K., Schindler, S., & Reinhard, M. A. (2017). General belief in a just world is positively
associated with dishonest behavior. Frontier in Psychology, 8, 1-8. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg. 2017.01770
Yen, C. L. (2013). It is our destiny to die: The effects of mortality salience and culture-priming on
fatalism and karma belief. International Journal of Psychology, 48(5), 818-828. DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2012.678363
ดาวน์โหลด
เผยแพร่แล้ว
2019-01-31
รูปแบบการอ้างอิง
จตุรพาณิชย์ ไ. (2019). Influence of Belief in a Just World and Belief in Karma on Moral Judgment. วารสารพฤติกรรมศาสตร์, 25(1), 25–41. สืบค้น จาก https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/BSRI/article/view/154699
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