Geopolitics of Spirits: Relations with Sacred Space and Power in Contemporary Isan Society

Abstract

This research article aims to explain the relationship between beliefs in spirits, sacred space, and power in contemporary Isan society. Drawing on the conceptual framework of the “geopolitics of spirits,” together with the concepts of sacred space, spatial power, and negotiation with modern forms of power, the article argues that phi—spirits—do not exist merely as folk beliefs or ritual heritage. Rather, they function as cultural mechanisms that produce spatial meanings, define territories, regulate resource use, organize social relations, and generate legitimacy for local communities. This study employs a qualitative research methodology through documentary analysis and conceptual synthesis of Scopus-indexed literature related to spirits, sacred spaces, Buddhist temple murals, rituals, spatial memory, spirit mediums, heritage tourism, and the political geography of religion. The findings reveal that spirits in Isan society operate through four major mechanisms: the production of sacredness and spatial meaning, the demarcation of territory and prohibitions, the organization of power and social relations, and the creation of legitimacy through negotiation with modern forms of power. The article therefore proposes the conceptual framework of the “geopolitics of spirits” as a way to understand spirits as cultural actors that connect sacredness, space, resources, identity, and power in contemporary Isan society.