An Analytical Study of Alternative Gender and Enlightenment in Tipitaka

Abstract

This research article has three objectives: (1) to study the concept of alternative genders in modern science, (2) to examine the concept of enlightenment in the Tipiṭaka, and (3) to analyze the relationship between alternative genders and enlightenment in the Tipiṭaka. This research is qualitative in nature.

The study of alternative genders in modern science reveals that queer individuals represent a diverse group in terms of sexual behavior and physiology. Modern classifications identify as many as 20 genders, including identities such as lesbian, homosexual. In the context of the Tipiṭaka, the term "Bandha" can be categorized into five types: (1) Asita Bandhaka, (2) Usuiya Bandhaka, (3) Opakkamika Bandhaka, (4) Pakkha Bandhaka, and (5) Napungsaka Bandhaka Regarding enlightenment in the Tipiṭaka, it is described as the attainment of the Four Paths, Four Fruitions, and the Unconditioned State. Within this framework, an alternative gender referred to as the eunuch, or Abhabba (unable person), is notable. Despite earnest efforts in self-development according to the Threefold Training, the eunuch is ultimately unable to attain enlightenment due to unwholesome karmic re-linking and the absence of non-delusion. Nonetheless, such individuals can accumulate merit for the potential attainment of enlightenment in future lives. The analysis of alternative genders and enlightenment in the Tipiṭaka reveals that an enlightened individual in Buddhism is referred to as a Noble Person (Ariyapuggala). Although an alternative gender may not attain enlightenment in this life, they can still be trained and accumulate merit through the practice of the Threefold Training. This training requires steadfast adherence to the Triple Gem, morality, concentration, and wisdom.