A Comparative Study of Dhamma Music in Theravada Buddhism and Sacred Music in Roman Catholic

Abstract

This research article aims to 1) study Dhamma songs (Dhamma Gīta) in Theravāda Buddhism, 2) examine sacred songs in Roman Catholic, and 3) compare the characteristics of Dhamma songs in Theravāda Buddhism with those of sacred music in Roman Catholicism. This qualitative study gathered data through documentary research from the Tipiṭaka, the Bible, academic literature, and in-depth interviews with scholars, clergy, and music practitioners in religious contexts. The findings revealed that 1) In Theravāda Buddhism, Dhamma songs are a form of conveying the Dhamma through a blend of content, melody, voice, and rhythm. These songs help practitioners better understand Buddhist teachings or calm soothe the mind, and cultivate a peaceful and receptive state conducive to mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom. The compositions emphasize simplicity and appropriateness for meditation, featuring content related to Buddhist teachings and moral reflections such as recollections of the Buddha, Dhamma, and Saṅgha (Buddhānussati, Dhammānussati, Saṅghānussati), as well as meditation practices and core doctrines found in the Tipiṭaka especially the Four Noble Truths and the law of karma. These songs are accessible to people of all ages and backgrounds and serve as a spiritual medium that can lead the listener into concentration and insight, similar to hearing a Dhamma sermon. 2) In Roman Catholic, sacred music commonly known as “hymns” or “sacred songs” plays a vital role in liturgical ceremonies such as the Mass, sacraments, and feast days. These songs are structured with clear rhythm and composition, reflecting both religious significance and artistic beauty. The lyrics typically express belief in God and Jesus Christ, emphasizing love, forgiveness, and the hope of eternal life. Some hymns are directly based on biblical texts. 3) In comparison, both religious traditions use sacred music as a tool to communicate spiritual teachings and elevate the mental and emotional state of the faithful toward purity, peace, and illumination. Music functions as a medium that bridges doctrine and devotion. However, differences exist in linguistic style, intended purpose, and ritual context. Dhamma Gīta in Theravāda Buddhism is primarily used for individual reflection and meditation, aiming to foster mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom. In contrast, Catholic hymns are central to communal worship and are oriented toward praising, thanking, repenting, and petitioning God.