The Studies of Prabavada in Tripitaka

Abstract

This article aims to study and understand the concept of Parappavāda, referring to doctrines, beliefs, or claims that originate outside Buddhism or contradict the teachings of the Buddha. The objectives of this study are: (1) to examine the definition and characteristics of Parappavāda in the Tipiṭaka, (2) to analyze its causes and classifications during the Buddha’s time, and (3) to explore the methods employed by the Buddha in refuting Parappavāda as recorded in the scriptures, as well as to apply these methods to the modern world in order to safeguard Buddhism. The findings reveal that Parappavāda arose from misunderstandings or divergent views that conflicted with Buddhist teachings, often emerging as Buddhism spread through the teachings of the Buddha and his disciples. This dissemination led to clear distinctions between Buddhist and non-Buddhist doctrines. The Buddha employed methods grounded in wisdom, reasoning, compassionate dialogue, and exemplary conduct to refute false doctrines peacefully and effectively. Such methods contributed significantly to the preservation and stability of the Dhamma and Vinaya, while highlighting the essential qualities of one who refutes Parappavāda: profound knowledge of the Dhamma, intellectual discernment, and steadfast compassion. In the contemporary era, the approach to refuting Parappavāda can be applied through accurate dissemination of Buddhist teachings based on the Tipiṭaka, the use of modern communication to correct misunderstandings, and the promotion of in-depth Buddhist education. These measures can protect Buddhism from distortion and ensure its continued existence and integrity in the modern world.