The Practices of Mahayana Monks in China and Thailand

Abstract

This study aims to comparatively examine the monastic practices of Mahayana monks in China and those in Thailand across seven dimensions: robe attire, dietary practices, observance of precepts, chanting rituals, alms-round practices and livelihood, meditation, and the propagation of the Dharma. The findings indicate that both groups share a common doctrinal and disciplinary foundation, grounded in the 250 monastic precepts and the Bodhisattva precepts. Nevertheless, their modes of practice differ according to cultural context. Mahayana monks in China tend to preserve more traditional forms, including strict adherence to vegetarianism, reliance on temple kitchen systems, chanting in Mandarin Chinese, and the practice of Chan (Zen) meditation. In contrast, Mahayana monks in Thailand demonstrate a degree of integration with Theravada Buddhism and Thai cultural traditions, as reflected in the continuation of alms-round practices, the use of regional Chinese dialects in chanting, adaptations in ritual forms, and an emphasis on Dharma propagation within Thai society. In conclusion, although both traditions are rooted in the same doctrinal framework, differences in practice and monastic lifestyle reflect the dynamic adaptation of Mahayana Buddhism to the distinct social and cultural contexts of each country.