A Comparative Study of the Evolution of Sects in Buddhism and Brahmanism-Hinduism

Abstract

This research entitled aimed to: 1) study the historical development of sects in Buddhism, 2) examine the evolution of sects in Brahmanism-Hinduism, and 3) compare the sectarian developments in both religions. This study employed documentary research methodology by analyzing data collected from the Buddhist Tripitaka, Brahmanical-Hindu scriptures, related academic documents, and previous research studies through descriptive analysis. The findings revealed that 1) the emergence of sects in Buddhism resulted from social and historical transformations, doctrinal disagreements concerning the Dhamma and Vinaya, as well as cultural and political influences. These factors contributed to the formation of major sects such as Theravada, Mahāsāṃghika, and later Mahāyāna traditions. Despite doctrinal and practical differences, these sects continue to share fundamental Buddhist teachings, particularly the Four Noble Truths and Dependent Origination. 2) In contrast, Brahmanism-Hinduism evolved from the beliefs of the Aryan people into the Brahmanical and Hindu religious systems without a single central founder. Its openness to diverse scriptures and beliefs led to the emergence of major sects, including Vaiṣṇavism, Śaivism, Śāktism and Smārtism, reflecting a distinct characteristic of religious pluralism. 3) The comparative analysis demonstrated that both religions developed sects due to differences in beliefs, interpretations of teachings, and socio-cultural contexts. However, Buddhism developed sectarian divisions in a more systematic manner under the monastic institution, whereas Brahmanism-Hinduism exhibited greater flexibility and inclusiveness toward doctrinal diversity. The evolution of sects in both religions reflects dynamic interactions among social, cultural, and religious factors, which have contributed significantly to religious adaptation and continuity across historical periods.