Predicting Islamic Ethical Work Behavior Using the Theory of Planned Behavior and Religiosity in Brunei
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of this study was to employ the theory of planned behavior in examining the inclusion of Islamic religiosity in predicting Islamic ethical work behavior. Islamic religiosity was included as Islam plays a dominant role in Brunei’s society. Participants consisted of 370 Malay Muslim teachers. Structural equation modeling was used to test three proposed models. While Model 1 was based on the theory of planned behavior, it does not take into consideration the distinctive Islamic context of the Bruneian society. Hence, Model 2 was proposed to include Islamic religiosity. To better reflect the population, a model with Islamic religiosity was further augmented leading to Model 3. Results showed support for only two models: Model 1 and Model 3. Model 3 was revised by removing non-significant paths. Model comparison indicated that the revised Model 3 (AIC = 100.82; BIC = 103.55) is a better model than Model 1 (AIC = 141.88; BIC = 143.98). This suggests that the predictive power of the theory of planned behavior can be improved by including dominant cultural factors, such as religiosity, that affect a person’s belief. In conclusion, it can be said that religion is indispensable in exploring and understanding how the people in Brunei think and behave in their workplace and society.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Abu-Raiya, H. (2013). The psychology of Islam: Current empirically based knowledge, potential challenges, and directions for future research. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol 1): Context, theory, and research (pp. 681–695). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14045-038
Abu-Raiya, H., Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A., & Stein, C. (2008). A Psychological Measure of Islamic Religiousness: Development and evidence for reliability and validity. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(4), 291–315. doi:10.1080/10508610802229270
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Alam, S. S., Janor, H., Zanariah, Che Wel, C. A., & Ahsan, M. N. (2012). Is religiosity an important factor in influencing the intention to undertake Islamic home financing in Klang Valley? World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(7), 1030–1041. doi:10.5829/idosi. wasj.2012.19.07.392
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471–499. doi:10.1348/ 014466601164939
Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model selection and multimodel inference - A practical information-theoretic approach. (K. P. Burnham & D. R. Anderson, Eds.) (2nd ed.). NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/b97636
Chan, C. C. A., & Pearson, C. A. L. (2002). Comparison of managerial work goals among Bruneian, Malaysian and Singaporean managers. Journal of Management Development, 21(7), 545–556. doi:10.1108/02621710210434656
Chandon, P., Morwitz, V. G., & Reinartz, W. J. (2005). Do intentions really predict behavior? Self-generated validity effects in survey research. Journal of Marketing, 69(2), 1–14. doi:10.1509/jmkg.69.2.1.60755
Charsetad, P. (2016). Role of religious beliefs in blood donation behavior among the youngster in Iran. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 7(3), 250–263. doi:10.1108/JIMA-05-2014-0037
Conroy, S. J., & Emerson, T. L. N. (2004). Business ethics and religion: Religiosity as a predictor of ethical awareness among students. Journal of Business Ethics, 50(4), 383–396. doi:10.1023/B:BUSI.0000025040.41263.09
Emmons, R. A., & Paloutzian, R. F. (2003). The psychology of religion. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 377–402. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145024
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. NY: Psychology.
Frederick, W. C. (1995). Values, nature, and culture in the American corporation. NY: Oxford University.
Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(2), 87–98. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87
Gorsuch, R. L. (1988). Psychology of religion. Annual Review of Psychology, 39(1), 201–221. doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.001221
Graafland, J. (2017). Religiosity, attitude, and the demand for socially responsible products. Journal of Business Ethics, 144(1), 121–138. doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2796-9
Harpaz, I. (1998). Cross-national comparison of religious conviction and the meaning of work. Cross-Cultural Research, 32(2), 143–170. doi:10.1177/106939719803200202
Ibrahim, A. L. (2003). Issues in Brunei studies. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: Akademi Pengajian Brunei, Universiti Brunei Darussalam.
Jayawardhena, C. (2004). Personal values’ influence on e‐shopping attitude and behaviour. Internet Research, 14(2), 127–138. doi:10.1108/10662240410530844
Jones, G. E., & Kavanagh, M. J. (1996). An experimental examination of the effects of individual and situational factors on unethical behavioral intentions in the workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(5), 511–523. doi:10.1007/BF00381927
Karami, M., Olfati, O., & Dubinsky, A. J. (2014). Influence of religiosity on retail salespeople’s ethical perceptions: The case in Iran. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 5(1), 144–172. doi:10.1108/JIMA-12-2012-0068
Keller, A. C., Smith, K. T., & Smith, L. M. (2007). Do gender, educational level, religiosity, and work experience affect the ethical decision-making of U.S. accountants? Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 18(3), 299–314. doi:10.1016/j.cpa.2006.01.006
Lonner, W. J., & Adamopoulos, J. (1997). Culture as antecedent to behavior. In J. W. Berry, Y. H. Poortinga, & J. Pandey (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Theory and method (2nd ed., pp. 43–83). Needham Heights, MA.
Lund, D. B. (2000). An empirical examination of marketing professionals’ ethical behavior in differing situations. Journal of Business Ethics, 24(4), 331–342. doi: 10.1023/A:10060 05823045
Mail, A. (2011). Kesultanan Melayu Brunei abad ke-19: Politik dan struktur pentadbiran [The Brunei Malay Sultanate in the 19th century: Politics and administrative structure]. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei.
McCullough, M. E., & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2009). Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 69–93. doi:10.1037/a0014213
Muhamad, R. (2014). Religiosity, ethical judgments and Malaysian Muslim students. Journal of Business Systems, Governance and Ethics, 4(1), 53–64. doi: 10.15209/jbsge.v4i1. 154
Murtaza, G., Abbas, M., Raja, U., Roques, O., Khalid, A., & Mushtaq, R. (2014). Impact of Islamic work ethics on organizational citizenship behaviors and knowledge-sharing behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2396-0
Ones, D. S., & Viswesvaran, C. (1998). Gender, age, and race differences on overt integrity tests: Results across four large-scale job applicant datasets. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 35–42. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.35
Ross, W. T., & Robertson, D. C. (2003). A typology of situational factors: Impact on salesperson decision-making about ethical issues. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(3), 213–234. doi:10.1023/A:1025563624696
Shafer, W. E., Morris, R. E., & Ketchand, A. A. (2001). Effects of personal values on auditors’ ethical decisions. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 14(3), 254–277. doi:10.1108/EUM0000000005517
Singhapakdi, A., Salyachivin, S., Virakul, B., & Veerayangkur, V. (2000). Some important factors underlying ethical decision making of managers in Thailand. Journal of Business Ethics, 27(3), 271–284. doi:10.1023/A:1006111004721
Smith, P. L., & Oakley, E. F. I. (1997). Gender-related differences in ethical and social values of business students: Implications for management. Journal of Business Ethics, 16(1), 37–45. doi:10.1023/A:1017995530951
Stephenson, M. T., Morgan, S. E., Roberts-Perez, S. D., Harrison, T., Afifi, W., & Long, S. D. (2008). The role of religiosity, religious norms, subjective norms, and bodily integrity in signing an organ donor card. Health Communication, 23(5), 436–447. doi:10.1080/10410230802342119
Tinkong, R. (2009). The socio-cultural change of Brunei Malays. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei.
Wagner, S. C., & Sanders, G. L. (2001). Considerations in ethical decision-making and software piracy. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(1/2), 161–167. doi:10.1023/A:1006415514200
Weaver, G. R., & Agle, B. R. (2002). Religiosity and ethical behavior in organizations: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 77–97. doi:10.5465/AMR.2002.5922390