Construction of a Scale on Coping Repertoire during COVID-19 Pandemic
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to develop a scale for measuring coping strategies used in the novel COVID-19 pandemic among the adult residents of Kolkata in India. An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted, that included - conceptualization and generation of 36 items for 16 coping strategies with five-point response categories; relevance judgment (based on item validity index) & item validation (based on item-domain total correlation) of these items; and identification & validation of the factor structure. An online survey was conducted using snowball sampling technique during three weeks of April 2020. Complete sets could be obtained from 388 participants (200 males and 188 females). The S-CVI results (relevance of overall questionnaire) indicated high content validity (0.87) for all items of coping and significant positive item-domain total correlations were found in the process of item analysis. Based on scores of sixteen coping strategies, principal component analysis resulted in five factors as indicated by eigenvalues (1.35 to 3.32) and scree plot. These five common components were identified as positive emotion focused, escape oriented, depression developing, solution generating and self-soothing coping and a unique component- catastrophizing. This factor structure was validated through confirmatory factor analysis and same factor structure of the scale was found. Satisfactory internal consistencies of all components were found (0.61-0.89). The tool would be useful for understanding adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies used by people during a pandemic situation and it will also help in planning therapeutic intervention for combating the posttraumatic stress of this pandemic situation.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Arya, S., & Gupta, R. (2020). COVID-19 outbreak: Challenges for Addiction services in India. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102086
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504
Belen, H. (2020). Self‐blame regret, fear of COVID‐19 and mental health during post‐peak pandemic. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-56485/v1
Borges, M. L., Caldeira, S., Loyola-Caetano, E. A., Magalhães, P. A. P., Areco, F. S., & Panobianco, M. S. (2017). Spiritual/religious coping of women with breast cancer. Religions, 8(11), 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8110254
Carver, C. S. (1989). How should multifaceted personality constructs be tested? Issues illustrated by self-monitoring, attributional style, and hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(4), 577-585.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2001). On the Self-Regulation of Behavior. Cambridge University Press.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
Carver, C. S. (1998). Resilience and thriving: Issues, models, and linkages. Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), 245-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1998.tb01217.x
Carver, C. S., Smith, R. G., Antoni, M. H., Petronis, V. M., Weiss, S., & Derhagopian, R. P. (2005). Optimistic personality and psychosocial well-being during treatment predict psychosocial well-being among long-term survivors of breast cancer. Health Psychology, 24(5), 508-516. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.5.508
Cronbach, L. J. (1949). Statistical methods applied to Rorschach scores: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 46(5), 393–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0059467
Daniels, K., & Harris, C. (2005). A daily diary study of coping in the context of the job demands–control–support model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2004.10.004
Dayal, D. (2020). We urgently need guidelines for managing COVID‐19 in children with comorbidities. Acta Paediatrica, 109(7), 1497-1498. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15304
Degges-White, S. (2020). Counseling Strategies for Building Healthy Support Networks. In Counseling the Contemporary Woman: Strategies and Interventions Across the Lifespan. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Dixit, A., Marthoenis, M., Arafat, S. Y., Sharma, P., & Kar, S. K. (2020). Binge watching behavior during COVID 19 pandemic: A cross-sectional, cross-national online survey. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113089. https://doi.org/0.1016/j.psychres.2020.113089
Dogra, A. K., Basu, S., & Das, S. (2011). Impact of meaning in life and reasons for living to hope and suicidal ideation: A study among college students. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health, 18, 89–102.
Dong, Y., Mo, X. I., Hu, Y., Qi, X., Jiang, F., Jiang, Z., & Tong, S. (2020). Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China. Pediatrics, 145(6), e20200702. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702
Esia-Donkoh, K., Yelkpieri, D., & Esia-Donkoh, K. (2011). Coping with Stress: Strategies Adopted by Students at the Winneba Campus of University of Education, Winneba, Ghana. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED528318.pdf
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1985). If it changes it must be a process: study of emotion and coping during three stages of a college examination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(1), 150-175. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.1.150
Gable, R. K., & Wolfe, M. B. (1993). Instrument Development in the Affective Domain: Measuring Attitudes and Values in Corporate and School Settings (Evaluation in Education and Human Services) (2nd ed.). Springer.
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2007). The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.141.
Gerhold, L. (2020). COVID-19: Risk perception and coping strategies. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/xmpk4
Green, S., Moll, J., Deakin, J. F. W., Hulleman, J., & Zahn, R. (2013). Proneness to decreased negative emotions in major depressive disorder when blaming others rather than oneself. Psychopathology, 46(1), 34-44. https://doi.org/10.1159/000338632
Gunzerath, L., Connelly, B., Albert, P., & Knebel, A. (2001). Relationship of personality traits and coping strategies to quality of life in patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 6(3), 335-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500124122
Hooker, S. A. (2013). Self-Blame. In Gellman, M. D., Turner, J. R. (Eds). Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine. Springer.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jensen, M. C. (1994). Self‐interest, altruism, incentives, and agency theory. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 7(2), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6622.1994.tb00404.x
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2020). KFF health tracking poll—February 2020: Health care in the 2020 election. https://www.kff.org/health-reform/poll-finding/kff-health-tracking-poll-february-2020
Kaparounaki, C. K., Patsali, M. E., Mousa, D. P. V., Papadopoulou, E. V., Papadopoulou, K. K., & Fountoulakis, K. N. (2020). University students’ mental health amidst the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece. Psychiatry Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113111
Kenny, D. A. (2015), Measuring model fit. http://www.davidakenny.net › cm › fit
Klimecki, O. M., Mayer, S. V., Jusyte, A., Scheeff, J., & Schönenberg, M. (2016). Empathy promotes altruistic behavior in economic interactions. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31961
Lazarus, R. S., & Brenitz, S. (1998). The Costs and Benefits of Denial: Fifty Years of the Research and Theory of R.S. Lazarus. An Analysis of Historical and Perennial (pp. 227-251). Taylor and Francis.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. Springer.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987). Transactional theory and research on emotions and coping. European Journal of Personality, 1(3, Special Issue), 141–169. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2410010304
Lew, B., Chistopolskaya, K., Osman, A., Huen, J. M. Y., Talib, M. A., & Leung, A. N. M. (2020). Meaning in life as a protective factor against suicidal tendencies in Chinese University students. BMC Psychiatry, 20(73). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02485-4
Liang, L., Ren, H., Cao, R., Hu, Y., Qin, Z., Li, C., & Mei, S. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Psychiatric Quarterly, 91, 841–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3
Lindsay, E. K., Chin, B., Greco, C. M., Young, S., Brown, K. W., Wright, A. G. C., Smyth, J. M., Burkett, D., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). How mindfulness training promotes positive emotions: Dismantling acceptance skills training in two randomized controlled trials. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), 944. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000134
Liu, E. Y., Schieman, S., & Jang, S. J. (2011). Religiousness, spirituality, and psychological distress in Taiwan. Review of Religious Research, 53(2), 137-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-011-0011-8
Meehl, P. E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17(12), 827–838. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0041029
Mihalca, A. M., & Tarnavska, Y. (2013). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and social functioning in adolescents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 82, 574-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.312
Monroe, S. M. (2008). Conceptualizing and measuring human life stress. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 33-55. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141207
Navas, J. F., Verdejo-García, A., López-Gómez, M., Maldonado, A., & Perales, J. C. (2016). Gambling with rose-tinted glasses on: Use of emotion-regulation strategies correlates with dysfunctional cognitions in gambling disorder patients. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(2), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.040
Orgilés, M., Morales, A., Delvecchio, E., Francisco, R., Mazzeschi, C., Pedro, M., & Espada, J. P. (2020). Coping behaviors and psychological disturbances in youth affected by the COVID-19 health crisis. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2gnxb
Predescu, E., & Şipoş, R. (2017). Family quality of life in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In M. Fitzgerald, & J. Yip (Eds.), Autism: Paradigms, Recent Research and Clinical Applications. https://doi.org/10.5772/66201
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
Shah, A., & Smith, A. F. (2020). Trial sequential analysis: adding a new dimension to meta‐analysis. Anaesthesia, 75(1), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.14705
Shahabizadeh, F., & Bahrainian, A. M. (2013). Causal model of spiritual coping strategy in crisis parental religiousness and perceived attachment childhood. Journal of Medical Fight, 5(15,16), 96-117.
Shechter, A., Diaz, F., Moise, N., Anstey, D. E., Ye, S., Agarwal, S., Birk, J. L., Brodie, D., Cannone, D. E., Chang, B., Claassen, J., Cornelius, T., Derby, L., Dong, M., Givens, R. C., Hochman, B., Homma, S., Kronish, I. M., Lee, S., Manzano, W., … Abdalla, M. (2020). Psychological distress, coping behaviors, and preferences for support among New York healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. General Hospital Psychiatry, 66, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.06.007
Sniehotta, F. F., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). Bridging the intention–behaviour gap: Planning, self-efficacy, and action control in the adoption and maintenance of physical exercise. Psychology & Health, 20(2), 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440512331317670
Varshney, M., Parel, J. T., Raizada, N., & Sarin, S. K. (2020). Initial psychological impact of COVID-19 and its correlates in Indian Community: An online (FEEL-COVID) survey. Plos One, 15(5), e0233874. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233874
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
Wojnarowska, A., Kobylinska, D., & Lewczuk, K. (2020). Acceptance as an emotion regulation strategy in experimental psychological research: What we know and how we can improve that knowledge. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 242. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00242
Worldometer. (2020). Age, Sex, Existing Conditions of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths. The World Health Organization. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-age-sex-demographics/
Worldometer. (2021). Countries where COVID-19 has spread. The World Health Organization. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/countries-where-coronavirus-has-spread/
Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990