Time Management Affecting Academic Achievement through Student Activities and Learning Outcomes at an International University in Thailand
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Abstract
Although time management is widely recognized as a key factor in students’ success, few studies have examined its direct and indirect effects on academic achievement in international university settings. This study examined the direct and indirect influences of time management on students’ academic achievement through student activities and learning outcomes. Data were collected from 315 international university students in Thailand using a convenience sampling method. The statistics used for data analysis, according to the research objectives, included Frequency, Percentage, Correlation Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that time management significantly affected student activities (β = 0.66, p < 0.001) and learning outcomes (β = 0.37, p < 0.001), but had no direct effect on academic achievement (β = 0.06, p > 0.05). Instead, time management exerted significant indirect effects on achievement through student activities (β = 0.58, p < 0.001) and learning outcomes (β = 0.70, p < 0.001). These findings fill a gap in understanding the mechanisms linking time management to student performance and suggest that universities should strengthen students’ time management skills and engagement in learning-related activities to indirectly enhance academic success.
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