Towards a Learning Organization Learning How to Learn: A Key Competence for Sustainable Employment

Authors

  • Nisha Nipasuwan Siam Commercial Bank
  • Pithoon Thanabordeekij Chiang Mai University
  • Aek Ussivakul Siam Commercial Bank

Keywords:

Learning How to Learn, Employability, Learning Organization

Abstract

Uncertainty is one of the challenges in the current scenario of changes in organizations exerting its impact to create linkage between work and learning.  Such forces of pressure led to constant demand changes in skillsets for today and tomorrow’s future of work.  Employability which was thought to be critical for graduates and the unemployed are becoming crucial to everyone nowadays in dealing with the changing dynamics in the workplace.  This calls for the urgency of a better understanding of how to work with the learner in a non-traditional context.  Thus, not only organizations are changing their learning objectives but the education policies are now including learning how to learn or learning to learn skills into their national curricula to provide skills that could help people thrive through changes.  This article demonstrates that learning how to learn or learning to learn, has become the key competence to employability in learning organizations where it imposes positive impacts on personal development towards lifelong learning.  The total rewards framework was used to analyze the satisfaction of provided rewards in an attempt to make recommendations for organizations to strive towards becoming learning organizations.  Results from 250 companies found that satisfaction of learning and development dimension ranked the lowest for satisfaction out of the four dimensions of; Pay, Benefits, Learning & Development, Work Environment.  The article concludes with a discussion of suggestions on improvements in areas of L&D and future research to build on the conceptual development for integrating learning how to learn for sustainable employment.  Thus, knowing how to learn is a set of employability competence that constitute as necessary for the gaining of employment and supporting people to stay in work and advance. 

References

Acee, T. W., Weinstein, C. E., Hoang, T. V., & Flaggs, D. A. (2018). Value Reappraisal as a Conceptual Model for Task-Value Interventions. The Journal of Experimental Education, 86(1), 69-85.

Akkermans, J., Brenninkmeijer, V., Huibers, M., & Blonk, R. W. B. (2013). Competencies for the Contemporary Career: Development and Preliminary Validation of the Career Competencies Questionnaire. Journal of Career Development, 40, 245-267.

Amini, A., Daryani, S., & Sattari, A. F. (2014). The Study Models of Learning Organization Building. International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 11(4), 319-333.

Armstrong, A., & Foley, P. (2003). Foundations of a Learning Organization: Organization Learning Mechanism. Learning Organization, 10, 74-82.

Armstrong, M. (2010). Armstrong’s Handbook of Reward Management Practice: Improving Performance through Reward (3rd ed.). London, UK: Kogan Page Publishers.

Armstrong, M., & Brown, D. (2001). New Dimensions in Pay Management, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. London, UK: Chartered Institute of Personnel & Development.

Armstrong, M., & Thompson, P. (2002). A Guide to Total Reward: Part 1. Retrieved March 4, 2021, from www.sara.co.za

Basumallick, C. (2020). What is Learning and Development (L&D)? Definition, Objectives, and Best Practices for Strategy. Retrieved June 26, 2021, from https://www.toolbox.com/hr/learning-development/articles/

what-is-learning-and-development-objectives-strategy/

BCG Henderson Institute. (2019). The Next Generation Learning Organization—Chart of the Week #13/2019. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://bcghendersoninstitute.com/ the-next-generation-learning-organization-chart-of-the-week-13-2019-d6dafafa821d

Bentley, T. (1998). Learning Beyond the Classroom: Education for a Changing World. London, UK: Routledge.

Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (2019). Forgetting as the Friend of Learning: Implications for Teaching and Self-regulated Learning. Advances in Physiology Education, 43(2), 164-167.

Blunt, J., & Karpicke, J. D. (2014). Learning with Retrieval-based Concept Mapping. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106, 849-858.

Bor, D. (2012). The Ravenous Brain: How the New Science of Consciousness Explains Our Insatiable Search for Meaning. New York, USA: Basic Books.

Brandon, J. (2019). Scientists Announce Breathtaking Research on Why Breathing Exercises Reduce Stress. Retrieved September 10, 2021, from https://www.inc.com/john-brandon/ scientists-announce-breathtaking-research-on-why-breathing-exercises-reduce-stress.html

Bridgstock, R. (2009). The Graduate Attributes We’ve Overlooked: Enhancing Graduate Employability through Career Management Skills. Higher Education Research & Development, 28(1), 31-44.

Candy, P. C. (1990). How People Learn to Learn. In R. M. Smith and Associates (Eds.), Learning to Learn Across the Life Span (pp. 30-63). San Francisco, USA: Jossey-Bass.

Cepeda, N. J., Vul, E., Rohrer, D., Wixted, J. T., & Pashler, H. (2008). Spacing Effects in Learning. Psychological Science, 19(11), 1095-1102.

Cole, D., & Tibby, M. (2013). Defining and Developing Your Approach to Employability. York, UK: The Higher Education Academy.

Curcio, G., Ferrara, M., & Degennaro, L. (2006). Sleep Loss, Learning Capacity and Academic Performance. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(5), 323-337.

Dacre, P. L., & Sewell, P. (2007). The Key to Employability: Developing a Practical Model of Graduate Employability. Education and Training, 49(4), 277-289.

DeFillippi, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1994). The Boundaryless Career: A Competency-based Perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 307-324.

Dondi, M., Klier, J., Panier, F., & Schubert, J. (2021). Defining the Skills Citizens Will Need in the Future World of Work. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://shorturl.asia/NJytI

Duit, R. (1991). On the Role of Analogies and Metaphors in Learning Science. Science Education, 75(6), 649-672.

Education Council. (2006). Recommendation of the European Parliament and the Council of 18 December 2006 on Key Competencies for Lifelong Learning. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://shorturl.asia/oQG4n

European Communities. (2007). Key Competences for Lifelong Learning: European Reference Framework. Retrieved September 12, 2021, from https://www.voced.edu.au/Content/ngv%3A59967

Europska mreža politika cjeloživotnog profesionalnog usmjeravanja (ELGPN). (2013). Razvoj politike cjeloživotnog profesionalnog usmjeravanja: Pojmovnik. Retrieved July 5, 2021 from https://shorturl.asia/sPKrJ

Eurydice the Information Network on Education in Europe. (2002). Key Competencies: A Developing Concept in General Compulsory Education. Brussels: Eurydice/European Commission.

Fejes, A., & Nicoll, K. (2011). Activating the Worker in Elderly Care: A Technique and Tactics of Invitation. Studies in Continuing Education, 33(3), 235-249.

Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and Cognitive Monitoring: A New Area of Cognitive Developmental Inquiry. American Psychologist, 34, 906-911.

Forrier, A., & Sels, L. (2003). The Concept Employability: A Complex Mosaic.International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 3(2), 103-124.

Forrier, A., Sels, L., & Stynen, D. (2009). Career Mobility at the Intersection between Agent and Structure: A Conceptual Model. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 739-759.

Forrier, A., Verbruggen, M., & De Cuyper, N. (2015). Integrating Different Notions of Employability in a Dynamic Chain: The Relationship between Job Transitions, Movement Capital and Perceived Employability. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 56-64.

Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: A Psycho-Social Construct, its Dimensions, and Applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 14-38.

Garvin, D. V., Edmondson, A. C, & Gino, F. (2008). Is Yours a Learning Organization? Retrieved July 28, 2021, from https://hbr.org/2008/03/is-yours-a-learning-organization

Gil, A. J., Garcia-Alcaraz, J. L., & Mataveli, M. (2015), The Training Demand in Organizational Change Processes in the Spanish Wine Sector. Journal European of Training and Development, 39(4), 315-331.

Goetsch, A. (2020). Sustainability and the Workforce: Generational Differences and How to Prepare for 2020 and Beyond. Retrieved November 18, 2021, from https://shorturl.asia/UtLKO

Guta, L. A. (2013). Organizational Learning and Performance. A Conceptual Model. In International Management Conference, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies (pp. 547-556), Bucharest, Romania.

Hacker, D. J., Dunlosky, J., & Graesser, A. C. (2009). Handbook of Metacognition in Education. Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge.

Harvey, L. (2001). Defining and Measuring Employability. Quality in Higher Education, 7(2), 97-109.

Hesketh, A. J. (1999). Towards an Economic Sociology of the Student Financial Experience of Higher Education. Journal of Education Policy, 14(4), 385-410.

Hillage, J., & Pollard, E. (1998). Employability: Developing a Framework for Policy Analysis. DfEE London. Retrieved June 30, 2021, from https://shorturl.asia/0aCVw

Hitt, W. D. (1995). The Learning Organisation: Some Reflections on Organizational Renewal. Leadership & Organisation Development Journal, 16(8), 17-25.

Hofmann, P. (2008). Learning to Learn: A Key-Competence for all Adults? Convergence, 41

(2-3), 173-181.

Kapur, M. (2015). Learning from Productive Failure. Learning: Research and Practice, 1(1), 51-65.

Karpicke, J. (2012). Retrieval-Based Learning: Active Retrieval Promotes Meaningful Learning. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(3), 157-163.

Karpicke, J. D., Blunt, J. R., Smith, M. A., & Karpicke, S. S. (2014). Retrieval-based Learning: The Need for Guided Retrieval in Elementary School Children. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3(3), 198-206.

Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2008). Learning Concepts and Categories: Is Spacing the “Enemy of Induction”? Psychological Science, 19, 585-592.

Kramarski, B., Mevarech, Z. R., & Arami, A. (2002). The Effects of Metacognitive Instruction on Solving Mathematical Authentic Tasks. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 49, 225-250.

Lawler, E. E., Porter, L. W., & Hackman, J. (1990). Behavior in Organizations. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill.

Leonard, S., Stroud, M. J., & Shaw, R. J. (2021). Highlighting and Taking Notes are Equally Ineffective when Reading Paper or eText. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 3811-3823

Locke, E. A. (1969). What is Job Satisfaction? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 4(4), 309-336.

Longenecker, C. O., & Fink, L. S. (2005). Management Training: Benefits and Lost Opportunities (Part II). Industrial and Commercial Training, 37(2), 73-79.

Luchins, A. S., & Luchins, E. H. (1959). Rigidity of Behavior: A Variational Approach to the Effect of Einstellung. Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Books.

Lyons, I. M., & Beilock, S. L. (2012). When Math Hurts: Math Anxiety Predicts Pain Network Activation in

Anticipation of Doing Math. PLoS ONE, 7(10), e48076. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048076

Mandal, A. (2020). The Pomodoro Technique: An Effective Time Management Tool - NICHD Connection - Science@NICHD. Retrieved June 20, 2021, from https://science.nichd.nih.gov/confluence/display/news letter/ 2020/05/07/

Manus, T. M, & Graham, M. D. (2003). Creating a Total Rewards Strategy: A Toolkit for Designing Business-Based Plans. New York, USA: AMACOM

Marquardt, M.J. (2002). Building the Learning Organization: Mastering the 5 Elements for Corporate Learning. Tehran, Iran: Tehran University Press.

Metivier, A. (2021). How to Build a Memory Palace: A Scientifically Proven Approach. Retrieved June 20, 2021, from https://www.magneticmemorymethod.com/memory-palace/

Milkovich, G. T., & Bloom, M. (1998). Rethinking International Compensation. Compensation & Benefits Review, 30(1), 15-23.

Millett, B. (1998). Managing the Processes of Organizational Change and Development. Toowoomba, Australia: University of Southern Queensland.

Mumford, A. (1996). Creating a Learning Environment. Journal of Professional Human Resource Management, 4(7), 26-30.

Oakley, B. A., & Schewe, O. (2021). Learn Like a Pro: Science-based Tools to Become Better at Anything. New York, USA: St. Martin’s Publishing Group,

Oakley, B., & Sejnowski, T. (2019). Learning How to Learn: How to Succeed in School Without Spending All Your Time Studying. New York, USA: TarcherPerigee.

Onthaworn, P. (2021). Bing. Retrieved June 30, 2021, from https://www.bing.com/search?q=the

%2Bemployers%E2%80%99%2Bconfederation%2Bof%2Bhai%2Btrade%2Band%2Bindustry%2B%28econthai%29%2Bexpected%2Babout%2B500%2C000%2Bgraduates&form=EDGEAR&qs=PF&cvid=8ee195d56ce747e29ff710c6001fb70c&cc=TH&setlang=en-US&plvar=0

Orpen, C. (1999). The Influence of the Training Environment on Trainee Motivation and Perceived Training Quality. International Journal of Training and Development, 3(1), 34-43.

Papaleontiou-Louca, E. (2003). The Concept and Instruction of Metacognition. Teacher Development, 1(7), 9-30.

Peeters, E., Nelissen, J., De Cuyper, N., Forrier, A., Verbruggen, M., & De Witte, H. (2017). Employability Capital: A Conceptual Framework Tested Through Expert Analysis. Journal of Career Development, 46(2), 79-93.

Perin, V., & Karamatić Brčić, M. (2015). Lifelong Learning and Employability - The Role of Non-Formal Education. Andragoška Spoznanja, 20(4), 39-48.

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2004). Nursing Research: Principles and Methods (7th ed.). Philadelphia, U.S.A.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Power, J., & Waddell, D. (2004). The Link between Self-managed Work Teams and Learning Organizations Using Performance Indicators. The Learning Organization, 11(3), 244-259.

Redding, J. (1997). Hardwiring the learning organization. Training &Development, 51(8), 61.

Römgens, I., Scoupe, R., & Beausaert, S. (2019). Unraveling the Concept of Employability, Bringing Together Research on Employability in Higher Education and the Workplace. Studies in Higher Education, 45(12), 2588-2603.

Rosenberg, S., Heimler, R., & Morote, E. (2012), Basic Employability Skills: A Triangular Design Approach. Education and Training, 54(1), 7-20.

Schraw, G., & Dennison, R. S. (1994). Assessing Metacognitive Awareness. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 19(4), 460-475. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1994.1033

Sell, L., & Cleal, B. (2011). Job Satisfaction, Work Environment, and Rewards: Motivational Theory Revisted. Labour Review of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations, 25(1), 1-23.

Senge, P. (1990). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of Learning Organization. New York, USA: The Crown Publishing Group.

Senge, P. (2006). The Fifth Discipline, Published by DOUBLDAY a Division of Random House, Inc. New York, USA: The Crown Publishing Group.

Starkey, K. (1996). How Organizations Learn. London, UK: International Thomson Business Press.

Stenlund, T., Lyrén, P. E., & Eklöf, H. (2018). The Successful Test Taker: Exploring Test-taking Behavior Profiles through Cluster Analysis. Eur J Psychol Educ, 33, 403-417.

Taylor, L. (2016). What is Employability and What Does it Mean for You? New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons.

Teck-Hong, T., & Yong-Kean, L. (2012). Organizational Commitment as a Moderator of the Effect of Training on Service Performance: An Empirical Study of Small-To Medium-Sized Enterprises in Malaysia. International Journal of Management, 29(1), 65-78.

Unger, L., & Fisher, A. (2019). Rapid, Experience-Related Changes in the Organization of Children’s Semantic Knowledge. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 179, 1-22.

Van der Heijde, C. M., & Van der Heijden, B. I. (2005). The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of a Multi-Dimensional Measurement Instrument of Employability—and the Impact of Aging. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ article/pii/S0531513105001639

Van der Heijde, C. M., & Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2006). A Competence-based and Multidimensional Operationalization and Measurement of Employability.Human Resource Management, 45(3), 449-476.

Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (1993). Sculpting the Learning Organization: Lessons in the Art and Science of Systemic Change. San Francisco, USA: Jossey-Bass.

Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (1999). Facilitating Learning Organizations: Making Learning Count. Aldershot, UK: Gower Publishing.

Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (2004). The Construct of the Learning Organization: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Journal of Human Resource Development Quarterly, 24(4), 33-45.

Weinstein, C. E., & Mayer, R. E. (1986). The Teaching of Learning Strategies. In M. Wittrock (Ed.), The handbook of Research on Teaching (pp. 315-327). New York, USA: Macmillan.

Weinstein, C. E., Acee, T. W., & Jung, J. H. (2011). Self-regulation and Learning Strategies. New Directions for Teaching & Learning, (126), 45-53.

Worrall, L., Parkes, C., & Cooper, C. L. (2004). The Impact of Organizational Change on the Perceptions of UK Managers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13(2), 139-163.

Yorke, M. (2006). Learning and Employability - Employability in Higher Education: What is it -What is it not. York, UK: Higher Education Academy.

Žiljak, T. (2005). Politike cjeloživotnog učenja u Europskoj uniji i Hrvatskoj. Anali Hrvatskog političkog društva, 1(1), 225-243.

Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (2003). Educational Psychology: A Century of Contributions. New Jersey, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishing.

Downloads

Published

2021-12-30

How to Cite

Nipasuwan, N. ., Thanabordeekij, P., & Ussivakul, A. . (2021). Towards a Learning Organization Learning How to Learn: A Key Competence for Sustainable Employment. Journal of ASEAN PLUS Studies, 2(2), 40–65. Retrieved from https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/aseanplus/article/view/252126