THAI POLITICAL CONCEPTS IN A HISTORICAL CONTEXT: FROM SUKHOTHAI TO DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

Abstract

Objectives of this article were to study the development of political and governmental concepts in Thailand from the past to the present, considering the historical context of each era: The Sukhothai period, Ayutthaya period, and the period following the political reform of 1932 (B.E. 2475). The study was found that key political ideologies in the Sukhothai period included the concept of Dharmaraja, based on Buddhist principles, and a paternalistic style of governance emphasizing close ties between the ruler and the people. During the Ayutthaya period, the concept of Devaraja, divine kingship, gained influence, leading the monarch to be viewed as a divine being with supreme power. Social organization was also implemented through the feudal system and the corvée system, which strengthened the stability of the state. This was followed by the political reforms of 1932 (B.E. 2475). Thailand's transition to a constitutional monarchy was a result of Western intellectual influence, intellectual awakening, and socio-economic challenges. However, the development of Thai democracy has also faced political instability and periodic coups. Current political trends in Thailand should therefore focus on strengthening civic engagement, improving the quality of citizens, and promoting political participation to ensure the stability and sustainability of the democratic system.