BRAHMAVIHĀRA: CULTIVATING THE TEACHER'S MIND TO DIVERSE LEARNER LEVELS BASED ON THE FOUR KINDS OF PERSONS
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Abstract
The objective of this academic article is to present how teachers can adapt their negative fundamental attitudes into positive ones toward learners with varying intellectual levels, as classified by “The Principle of the Four Kinds of Persons.” This article explains how these adaptations can be achieved through the application of the Four Sublime States of Mind (Brahmavihāra). The adaptations are: 1) Loving-kindness (Mettā) – a transformation from a neutral or indifferent mental state to loving-kindness toward learners with an intermediate intellectual level, who are perceived as lotus buds about to reach the surface of the water (Vipacitaññū). These learners are able to learn through explanations and contextual understanding. 2) Compassion (Karuṇā) – an adaptation from feelings of tiredness and distress to state of pity and sympathy toward learners with low intellectual levels. These learners are compared to lotuses under the water (Neyya), meaning they require maximum encouragement and reinforcement to stimulate determination and effort. 3) Sympathetic joy (Muditā) – an adaptation from a lack of confidence and anxiety into admiration and appreciation for learners with high intellectual learning levels. These learners are compared to lotuses above the water (Ugghaṭitaññū), representing students who are gifted and quick to learn 4) Equanimity (Upekkhā) – an adaptation from ignorance to acceptance and letting go (Padaparama), when dealing with learners with limited intellectual learning ability, who are compared to lotuses beneath the mud. These learners are considered unable to develop self-control or adhere to rules effectively. Such abilities are often necessary for inclusive education management. In conclusion, if teachers adjust their mental attitude in accordance with students’ intellectual learning levels, it will lead to an increased positive attitude towards students. The mind’s quality will elevate and excellently grow, leading to success in teaching and learning. Consequently, students will likewise develop their positive thoughts, attitudes and behaviors.
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