Multiculturalism during Critical Times
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Published:
Jun 15, 2020
Keywords:
Multiculturalism Politics of Recognition and Dignity Super-diversity Backlash of Multiculturalism
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Abstract
Becoming the main policy during 1960 - 1970, multiculturalism is highly welcome. Its origin can be traced back to the political concept of recognition and dignity. However, its implementation has caused anxiety and fear of foreigners, particularly of Muslim immigrants. Thus, this phenomenon is outstanding and has become the point of interesting debate amongst diverse scholars. This research article tries to present many issues: firstly, to highlight the history of multiculturalist policy from the beginning to its time of decadence. It is found that super-diversity is too hard to handle the unequal distribution of resources in the Islamophobic atmosphere. Secondly, to address the limitation of this policy, which is the philosophical paradox. It is found that multiculturalism is problematic due to liberalism which, by underlining human dignity in the public sphere, emphasizes ethnocentrism while ignoring internal abuse within cultural religion and sexuality. With this issue, there is no flexibility to provide people the weapon to negotiate inside the society. Thirdly, to show the problems of multiculturalism around the world, including its failure, annulation, backlash, and resistance against the multiculturalist policy in supporting lives of immigrants and minority groups. Recently, some solutions have been proposed but are still not fully accepted, for instance, the integration of immigrants and minority groups in national culture and holding an identity as citizen. Somehow, it is probably too late to halt this crisis because of violence from radical right in European countries, North America, Australia and New Zealand.
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References
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Hall, S. (1997). Old and New Identies, Old and New Ethnicities. In King, A. D. (ed.), Culture, Globalization and the World - System (41 - 68). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Hall, S. (2000). Conclusion: the Multi - cultural Question. In Hesse, B. (ed.), Un / Settled Multiculturalisms: Diasporas, Entanglements, ‘Transurptions’ (209 - 255). London and New York: Zed Books.
Hall, S. (2019). Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities. In Morley, D. (ed.), Stuart Hall: Essential Essays Vol. 2 (63 - 82). Durham and London: Duke University Press.
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Holmes, S. M. & Castañeda, H. (2016). Representing the “European refugee crisis” in Germany and beyond: Deservingness and difference, life and death. American Ethnologist, 43(1), 12 - 24.
Hooks, B. & Hall, S. (2018). Uncut Funk: a contemplative dialogue. New York and London: Routledge.
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Joppke, C. (2017). Is Multiculturalism Dead?: Crisis and Persistence in the Constitutional State. Cambridge, Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Jussawalla, F. F. (2018). Are Cultural Rights Bad for Multicultural Societies?. The South Atlantic Quarterly 100, no. 4 (2001), 100(4), 967 - 980.
Kanchanaphan, A. (2018). Phahu Watthanatham Nai Bō̜ribot Khō̜ng Kān Plīan Phān [Multicultural In the context of the transition] In Tūansiri, E. (ed.), Lāk Mummō̜ng Tāng Watthanatham [Various Cultural Perspectives] (2 - 35). Pattani: Samilan and Patani forum.
Karim, A. & Anjum, R. Y. (2016). Multiculturalism and Poststructural Theory: Appraisal and Implications. Gomal University Journal Of Research, 32(1), 33 - 43.
Karim, K. H. (1993). Constructions, Deconstructions, and Reconstructions: Competing Canadian Discourses on Ethnocultural Terminology. Canadian Journal of Communication, 18(2), 197 - 218.
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Rattansi, A. (2011). Multiculturalism: A Very Shot Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
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Sohrabi, H. (2019). A Durkheimian Critique of Contemporary Multiculturalism. Ethnic & Racial Studies, 42(8), 1283 - 1304.
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Will, K. (2010). The rise and fall of multiculturalism? New debates on inclusion and accommodation in diverse societies. International Social Science Journal, 61(199), 97 - 112.
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Adachi, S. (2011). Social Integration in Post - Multiculturalism: An Analysis of Social Integration Policy in Post - war Britain. International Journal of Japanese Sociology, 20(1), 107 - 120.
Ahmed, S. (2012). On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life. Durham and London Duke University Press.
Alibhai - Brown, Y. (2001). After Multiculturalism. The Political Quarterly, 27. 1423 - 1467.
Banting, K. (2005). The Multicultural Welfare State: International Experience and North American Narratives. Social Policy & Administration, 39(2), 98 - 115.
Banting, K. & Will, K. (2006). Multiculturalism and The Welfare State: Recognition and redistribution in contemporary democracies. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Banting, K. & Will, K. (2010). Canadian Multiculturalism: Global Anxieties and Local Debates. British Journal of Canadian Studies, 23(1), 43 - 72.
Banting, K., Johnston, R., Will, K. & Soroka, S. (2006). Do multiculturalism policies erode the welfare state? An empirical analysis. In Banting, K. & Will, K. (ed.), Multiculturalism and The Welfare State: Recognition and redistribution in contemporary democracies (49 - 91). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Bevelander, P. & Taras, R. (2012). The Twilight of Multiculturalism? Findings from across Europe, Pieter Bevelander and Raymond Taras. In Taras, R. (ed.), Challenging Multiculturalism: European Models of Diversity (3 - 24). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Bhabha, H. K. (2004). The Location of Culture. London and New York: Routledge.
Bra, P. (2014). Khwāmlāklāi Thāng Phēt Kap Phahu Watthanatham Nai Sangkhom Thai: Kān ʻOngkhwāmrū [Sexual diversity and Multiculturalism in Thai society: Exploreing Knowledge]. Journal of Social Sciences Faculty of Political Science Chulalongkorn University, 44(2), 51 - 70.
Brah, A. (1992). Difference, Diversity and Differentiation. In Donald, J. & Rattansi, A. (ed.), Race, Culture and Difference (126 - 148). London: Sage.
Carbone, F. (2018). Post - multicultural challenges for cultural heritage managers and museums in the age of migrations. Museum Management and Curatorship, 1 - 22.
Chanady, A. (1995). From Difference to Exclusion: Multiculturalism and Postcolonialism. International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 8(3), 419 - 437.
Chin, R. (2017). The crisis of multiculturalism in Europe: a history. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Chow, B. (2002). The Interruption of Referentiality: Poststructuralism and the Conundrum of Critical Multiculturalism. The South Atlantic Quarterly, 101(1), 171 - 186.
Chow, B. (2014). Multiculturalism. Salem Press Encyclopedia.
Christian, S. & Lena, L. (2016). Combining intercultural dialogue and critical multiculturalism. ETHNICITIES, 18(1), 70 - 85.
Dillworth-Anderson, P. & Boswell, G. (2007). Cultural Diversity and Aging: Ethnicity, Minorities, and Subcultures. In Ritzer, G. (ed.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. BLACKWELL PUBLISHING.
Dorota, A. G., Selen, A. E. & Magdalena, K. (2014). From multiculturalism to post - multiculturalism: Trends and paradoxes. Journal of Sociology, 50(1), 51 - 64.
During, S. (2005). Cultural studies: a critical introduction. London and New York: Routledge.
Elliott, P. (2018). The Military Can’t Build Trump’s Border Wall. Here’s Why He Keeps Insisting It Can. Times.
Elshtain, J. B. (2004). Toleration, Proselytizing, and the Politics of Recognition: The Self Contested. In Abbey, R. (ed.), Charles Taylor (127 - 139). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eriksen, T. H. (2015). Multiculturalism, Anthropology of. In Wright, J. D. (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences Vol. 15 (Second Edition) (28 - 33). Oxford: Elsevier.
Fernández, C. (2013). The Challenge of Multiculturalism: Political Philosophy and the Question of Diversity. In Taras R. (ed.), Challenging Multiculturalism: European Models of Diversity (52 - 72). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Freeman, G. P. (2004). Immigrant incorporation in Western democracies. International Migration Review, 38(3), 945 - 969.
Gieling, M., Thijs, J. & Verkuyten, M. (2014). Dutch adolescents’ tolerance of Muslim immigrants: the role of assimilation ideology, intergroup contact, and national identification. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(3), 155 - 165.
Glazer, N. (1998). We Are All Multiculturalists Now. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Goldberg, D. T. (1994). Multiculturalism: a critical reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
Gunew, S. (2017). Post - Multicultural Writers as Neo - Cosmopolitan Mediators. New York: Anthem Press.
Hall, S. (1992). New ethnicities. In Donald, J. & Rattansi, A. (ed.), Race, Culture and Difference (252 - 259). London: Sage.
Hall, S. (1995). New Ethnicities. In Ashcroft, W. D., Griffiths, G. & Tiffin, H. (ed.), The Postcolonialism Studies Reader (223 - 227). London: Routledge.
Hall, S. (1997). Old and New Identies, Old and New Ethnicities. In King, A. D. (ed.), Culture, Globalization and the World - System (41 - 68). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Hall, S. (2000). Conclusion: the Multi - cultural Question. In Hesse, B. (ed.), Un / Settled Multiculturalisms: Diasporas, Entanglements, ‘Transurptions’ (209 - 255). London and New York: Zed Books.
Hall, S. (2019). Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities. In Morley, D. (ed.), Stuart Hall: Essential Essays Vol. 2 (63 - 82). Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Harrison, L. E. (2008). The End of Multiculturalism. The National Interest, 93, 33 - 60.
Holmes, S. M. & Castañeda, H. (2016). Representing the “European refugee crisis” in Germany and beyond: Deservingness and difference, life and death. American Ethnologist, 43(1), 12 - 24.
Hooks, B. & Hall, S. (2018). Uncut Funk: a contemplative dialogue. New York and London: Routledge.
Jaynes, A. (2015, January 2). I don't hate them: Charlie Hebdo survivor reflects on the massacre, 5 years later: Attackers killed 12 people, injured 11 at satricial newspaper's office. Retrieved January 7, 2020, from https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-jan-7-2020-1.54...ie-hebdo-survivor-reflects-on-the-massacre-5-years-later-1.5418070.
Joppke, C. (2004). The retreat of multiculturalism in the liberal state: theory and policy. The British Journal of Sociology, 55(2), 237 - 257.
Joppke, C. (2017). Is Multiculturalism Dead?: Crisis and Persistence in the Constitutional State. Cambridge, Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Jussawalla, F. F. (2018). Are Cultural Rights Bad for Multicultural Societies?. The South Atlantic Quarterly 100, no. 4 (2001), 100(4), 967 - 980.
Kanchanaphan, A. (2018). Phahu Watthanatham Nai Bō̜ribot Khō̜ng Kān Plīan Phān [Multicultural In the context of the transition] In Tūansiri, E. (ed.), Lāk Mummō̜ng Tāng Watthanatham [Various Cultural Perspectives] (2 - 35). Pattani: Samilan and Patani forum.
Karim, A. & Anjum, R. Y. (2016). Multiculturalism and Poststructural Theory: Appraisal and Implications. Gomal University Journal Of Research, 32(1), 33 - 43.
Karim, K. H. (1993). Constructions, Deconstructions, and Reconstructions: Competing Canadian Discourses on Ethnocultural Terminology. Canadian Journal of Communication, 18(2), 197 - 218.
Kirsner, K. (2011). The Cost of Fluency. In Clyne, M. & Jupp, J. (ed.), Multiculturalism and Integration: A Harmonious Relationship (121 - 133). Canberra (Australia): ANU Press.
Kivisto, P. (2002). Multiculturalism in a Global Society. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell.
Kivisto, P. & Faist, T. (2007). Citizenship: discourse, theory and transnational prospects. Oxford and Malden: Blackwell.
Leung, H. H. (2011). Canadian Multiculturalism in the 21st Century: Emerging Challenges and Debates. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 43 - 44(3 - 1), 19 - 33.
Lum, F. (2017, January, 30). The Quebec City mosque attack: What we know so far. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved Jun 30, 2019, from https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/quebec-city-mosque-shooting-what-we-know-so-far/article33826078/.
May, S. (2002). Multiculturalism. In Goldberg, D. T. & Solomos, J. (ed.), A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies (124 - 144). Massachusetts and Oxford: BLACKWELL.
May, S., Modood, T. & Squires, J. (2004). Ethnicity, nationalism and minority rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Modood, T. (1998). Anti-Essentialism, Multiculturalism and the ‘Recognition’ of Religious Groups. Journal of Political Philosophy, 6(4), 378 - 399.
Modood, T. (2013). Multiculturalism (Second edition). Cambridge: Polity.
Modood, T. (2015). Integration and Multiculturalism: Focus on Western Europe. In Wright, J. D. (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences Vol. 12 (Second Edition) (235 - 242). Oxford: Elsevier.
Murdock, E. (2016). Multiculturalism, Identity and Difference: Experiences of Culture Contact. London: palgrave and macmillan.
Phawakraphan, N. (2011). Phatthanākān Thāng Watthanatham - Sangkhom Nai Mummō̜ng Wiwatthanākān Niyom [Evolution of Cultural - Social in the Perspectives of Evolution Theory]. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
Phillips, A. (1997). Why worry about multiculturalism?. Dissent, 44, 57 - 63.
Rattansi, A. (2011). Multiculturalism: A Very Shot Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Raymond, G. & Modood, T. (2007). Construction of minority identities in France and Britain. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Sangchai, A. (2018). Phahuwatthanathamniyom Kap Khō̜ Thokthīang Rư̄ang Phēt Sathāna Læ Sātsanā Withī [Multiculturalism and Controversy about Gender and Religious trajectory]. In Tūansiri, E. (ed.), Lāk Mummō̜ng Tāng Watthanatham [Various Cultural Perspectives] (106 - 123). Pattani: Samilan and Patani forum.
Sattayanurak, A. (2018). Bot Tām: Phahu Watthanatham Dōi Rat Kap Sangkhom [Phāk Tai] Thai [Afterwords: Multicultural By the State and Society]. In Tunsiri, E. (ed.), Lāk Mummō̜ng Tāng Watthanatham [Various Cultural Perspectives] (144 - 163). Pattani: Samilan and Patani forum.
Schwab, G. (2012). Imaginary Ethnographies: Literature, Culture, and Subjectivity. New York: Columbia University Press.
Shekhar, V. (2009). Crisis of Australian Multiculturalism. Economic and Political Weekly, 44(52), 19 - 21.
Sohrabi, H. (2019). A Durkheimian Critique of Contemporary Multiculturalism. Ethnic & Racial Studies, 42(8), 1283 - 1304.
Srikanth, H. (2012). Multiculturalism and the Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. Economic and Political Weekly, 47(23), 17 - 21.
Sunanta, S. (2013). Sathāna Kān Tōyǣng Rư̄ang Phahu Watthanatham Nai Prathēt Thai. Journal of Language and Culture – MULC, 32(1), 5 - 30.
Taylor, C. (1994). The Politics of Recognition. In Gutman, A. (ed.), Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recogntion (25 - 73). Princeton University Press: Princeton, New Jersey.
Taylor, C. (2012). Interculturalism or Multiculturalism?. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 38(4 - 5), 413 - 423.
Turner, T. (1993). Anthropology and Multiculturalism: What Is Anthropology That Multiculturalists Should Be Mindful of It?. Cultural Anthropology, 8(4), 411 - 429.
Vertovec, S. (2007). Super - diversity and its implications. ETHNIC AND RACIAL STUDIES, 30(6), 1024 - 1054.
Vertovec, S. & Wessendorf, S. (2010). Introduction: Assessing the Backlash against Multi - culturalism in Europe. In Vertovec, S. & Wessendorf, S. (ed.), The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices (1 - 32). London: Routledge.
Vertovec, S. & Wessendorf, S. (2010). The Multiculturalism Backlash European Discourses, Policies and Practices. Oxon and New York: Routledge.
Will, K. (1999). Comments on Shachar and Spinner - Halev: An Update from the Multiculturalism Wars. In Joppke, C. & Lukes, S. (ed.), Multicultural Questions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Will, K. (2010). The rise and fall of multiculturalism? New debates on inclusion and accommodation in diverse societies. International Social Science Journal, 61(199), 97 - 112.
Winter, E. (2011). Us, Them, and Others: Pluralism and National Identity in Diverse Societies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
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