“พหุนิยมทางวัฒนธรรม” ในช่วงเวลาวิกฤติ
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มิ.ย. 15, 2020
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พหุนิยมทางวัฒนธรรม การเมืองแห่งการรับรู้และศักดิ์ศรีของความเป็นมนุษย์ พหุที่มากคณนา กระแสโต้กลับพหุนิยมทางวัฒนธรรม
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บทคัดย่อ
ทฤษฎีและกรอบความคิดพหุนิยมทางวัฒนธรรม (multiculturalism) ที่มีพื้นฐานวิธีคิดจากเสรีนิยมว่าด้วยการเมืองแห่งการรับรู้ และความมีศักดิ์ศรีของมนุษย์ (recognition and dignity) และเคยถูกนำมากำหนดเป็นกรอบนโยบายแห่งรัฐจากยุคเริ่มต้นห้วงทศวรรษที่ 1960 - 1970 เป็นต้นมา ทว่า ในปัจจุบัน กลับมีคนจำนวนไม่น้อยออกมาคัดค้านไม่เห็นด้วย สาเหตุเพราะได้นำมาซึ่งความกังวลหวาดกลัวต่อ ชนต่างชาติ โดยเฉพาะชาวมุสลิมที่หนีภัยสงคราม จากปรากฏการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นส่งผลให้ประเด็นปัญหากรอบความคิดเรื่องพหุนิยมทางวัฒนธรรมถูกวิพากษ์โดยนักวิชาการหลากหลายสาขา
บทความวิจัยนี้ พยายามนำเสนอประเด็นต่าง ๆ ที่สำคัญ ประการแรก เป็นความตั้งใจค้นคว้าทำความเข้าใจสถานการณ์ความเป็นมาของนโยบายพหุนิยมทางวัฒนธรรม นับจากยุคเริ่มต้นจนถึงช่วงเวลาเสื่อมคลาย ซึ่งพบว่าผลจากการใช้นโยบายดังกล่าวได้นำมาสู่การเกิดปัญหา ความเป็นพหุมากคณนา (super - diversity) อันเป็นปัจจัยปัญหาสำคัญเกินกว่าสังคมตะวันตกจะรับมือด้วยปรัชญาแนวคิดแบบเดิมได้ เมื่อประชากรเพิ่มมากขึ้นก็เกิดการกระจายทรัพยากรและสวัสดิการของรัฐไม่ทั่วถึง จึงสร้างความไม่พึงพอใจจนกระทั่งชนพื้นเมือง (indigenous) ของยุโรปได้ลุกขึ้นต่อต้าน และสร้างกระแสอนุรักษนิยมฝ่ายขวาต่อต้านชนต่างชาติ โดยเฉพาะชาวมุสลิม ในบรรยากาศความกลัวอิสลาม (islamophobia) ประการที่สอง เป็นการค้นคว้าพิจารณาถึงข้อจำกัดของของปรัชญา และแนวคิดอันทำให้นโยบายพหุนิยมทางวัฒนธรรมล้มเหลว และนำมาสู่การวิพากษ์วิจารณ์ไม่ให้ความยอมรับ และปฏิเสธ เหตุผลสำคัญคือความขัดแย้งกันเอง (the paradox) ของหลักปรัชญาและนโยบายแนวคิดพหุนิยมทางวัฒนธรรม ประการที่สาม ผลต่อเนื่องจากปัญหานโยบายพหุนิยมทางวัฒนธรรมทั่วโลก ได้จุดกระแสการวิพากษ์และเกิดวาทกรรม ความล้มเหลว การล้มเลิก และการโต้กลับพหุนิยมทางวัฒนธรรมอย่างรุนแรง (backlash) รวมถึงการต่อต้านนโยบายที่เอื้อประโยชน์ให้แก่ผู้อพยพชนกลุ่มน้อยในรูปแบบพหุนิยมทางวัฒนธรรม
แม้ว่าวันนี้จะมีข้อเสนอทางออกอยู่บ้าง แต่ไม่ชัดเจนว่าจะได้รับความยอมรับหรือไม่เพียงใด เช่น การเสนอให้ผู้อพยพใหม่ในฐานะชนกลุ่มน้อย บูรณาการตนเองกับวัฒนธรรมและอัตลักษณ์ชาติในรูปแบบของพลเมือง จากเหตุการณ์ความรุนแรงที่เกิดขึ้นจากฝ่ายขวาในยุโรป อเมริกาเหนือ ออสเตรเลีย และนิวซีแลนด์ จนมีเสียงสะท้อนสำคัญออกมาว่า อาจช้าเกินไปเสียแล้วที่จะระงับปัญหาวิกฤติที่เกิดขึ้นช่วงเวลานี้
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ผู้เขียนจะต้องลงนามในแบบฟอร์มรับรองบทความ เพื่อให้คำยืนยันความรับผิดชอบว่า บทความของผู้เขียนนั้นไม่เคยตีพิมพ์ที่ใดมาก่อน พร้อมรับทราบว่า กระบวนการส่งบทความเข้าพิจารณาและตีพิมพ์ในวารสารไทยคดีศึกษานั้น จะไม่มีการเรียกเก็บค่าใช้จ่ายในการดำเนินการ ยกเว้น ในกรณีที่ผู้เขียนขอยกเลิกการตีพิมพ์บทความในวารสารไทยคดีศึกษาไม่ว่าด้วยสาเหตุใด และหลังจากบทความนั้นเข้าสู่กระบวนการพิจารณาของผู้ทรงคุณวุฒิไปแล้ว ผู้เขียนจะต้องรับผิดชอบต่อค่าใช้จ่ายที่เกิดขึ้นในกระบวนการประเมินเป็นจำนวนเงิน 3,000 บาท (สามพันบาทถ้วน)
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