DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBAL MINDSET ASSESSMENT AND CAUSAL MODEL: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND APPROACHES TO ENHANCE INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF THAI AND INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS

Authors

  • Patariya Ngammuk Bangkok University International, Bangkok University

Keywords:

Global Mindset, Structural Equation Modeling, Social Capital

Abstract

This study aimed to develop and validate the Global Mindset assessment instrument, compare skill levels between Thai and international students, and analyze causal relationships among factors influencing Global Mindset development. The sample comprised 600 students equally divided into 300 Thai and 300 international students from higher education institutions across four regions of Thailand, obtained through stratified random sampling based on educational level, institution type, and program type. Data collection was conducted between June and July 2025. The research employed a questionnaire developed from the Global Mindset Inventory (GMI®), encompassing three main dimensions: intellectual capital, psychological capital, and social capital, which was validated through reliability coefficients (Cronbach's Alpha) and Composite Reliability (CR), complemented by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrating construct validity (χ²/df = 1.874, CFI = 0.968, RMSEA = 0.058), and in-depth interviews with 15 experts to establish the conceptual framework and synthesize Global Mindset components. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, inferential statistics (t-test, ANOVA, Chi-Square), content analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM).
The study revealed significant findings. International students demonstrated significantly higher levels of Global Mindset than Thai students across all components (p < .001), with the largest difference in social capital (Effect size = .89). Structural equation modeling analysis showed that the model achieved acceptable fit with empirical data (χ²/df = 3.655, CFI = .936, RMSEA = .067), with four external factors explaining 81.0% of Global Mindset variance. Personal characteristics had the highest positive influence (β = .743), followed by foreign language skills (β = .305) and social networks (β = .204), while international experience showed negative effects (β = -.291). Global Mindset positively influenced psychological capital (β = .843) and intellectual capital (β = .776) but did not significantly affect social capital (β = .116, p = .447). This study provides guidance for institutions to develop curricula emphasizing personal characteristics development, structured international experience design, and specific social capital development activities to effectively enhance Thai students' global competitiveness.

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Published

11-12-2025

How to Cite

Ngammuk, P. (2025). DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBAL MINDSET ASSESSMENT AND CAUSAL MODEL: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND APPROACHES TO ENHANCE INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS OF THAI AND INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS. Valaya Alongkorn Review Journal, 15(3), 28–46. retrieved from https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/var/article/view/288520