Transformative Leadership and Innovative Behavior in Medical Education: Mediating Effects of Psychological Empowerment and Creative Self-Efficacy
Main Article Content
Abstract
Developing innovative behavior among employees is one of the approaches supported to enhance quality human resources to function well in the organization and gain an advantage over competitors. The aims of the study were to investigate the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative behavior, with psychological empowerment and creative self-efficacy as mediating variables. Data were collected from 153 staff members of a medical school in Thailand via self-reported questionnaires. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that transformative leadership was significantly and positively associated with all variables studied: innovative behavior (β = .49; t = 11.92; p < .001), psychological empowerment (β = .84; t = 15.72; p < .001), and creative self-efficacy (β = .83; t = 12.47; p < .001). It was also found that, psychological empowerment (β = .21; t = 2.40; p = .05) and creative self-efficacy (β = .54; t = 10.00; p < .001) were positively and significantly associated with innovative behavior. In addition, only creative self-efficacy partially mediates the relationship between transformative leadership and innovative behavior (β = .49; p < .001), while psychological empowerment does not (β = -.13; p > .05). The study recommends that medical school managers enhance transformative leadership through creative self-efficacy to foster higher innovative behavior among staff.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
b Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Sidek, M. H. M. (2017). Discriminant validity assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 890(1), 012163. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163
Afsar, B., Badir, Y. F., & Saeed, B. B. (2014). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(8), 1270-1300. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-05-2014-0152
Afsar, B., Cheema, S., & Saeed, B. B. (2018). Do nurses display innovative work behavior when their values match with hospitals’ values? European Journal of Innovation Management, 21(1), 157-171. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-01-2017-0007
Afsar, B., & Masood, M. (2017). Transformational leadership, creative self-efficacy, trust in supervisor, uncertainty avoidance, and innovative work behavior of nurses. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 54(1), 36-61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886317711891
Afsar, B., & Umrani, W. A. (2019). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. European Journal of Innovation Management, 23(3), 402-428. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-12-2018-0257
Afsar, B., & Umrani, W. A. (2020). Does thriving and trust in the leader explain the link between transformational leadership and innovative work behaviour? A cross-sectional survey. Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(1), 37-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987119880583
Al-Sa’di, A. F., Abdallah, A. B., & Dahiyat, S. E. (2017). The mediating role of product and process innovations on the relationship between knowledge management and operational performance in manufacturing companies in Jordan. Business Process Management Journal, 23(2), 349-376. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-03-2016-0047
Alessa, H. S., & Durugbo, C. M. (2021). Systematic review of innovative work behavior concepts and contributions. Management Review Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-021-00224-x
Amabile, T. M. (1983). A consensual technique for creativity assessment. In T. M. Amabile (Ed.), The social psychology of creativity (pp. 37-63). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5533-8_3
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in organizational behavior, 10(1), 123-167. https://web.mit.edu/curhan/www/docs/Articles/15341Readings/Group_Performance/Amabile_A_Model_of_CreativityOrg.Beh_v10_pp123-167.pdf
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity and innovation in organizations. In Harvard Business School Background. https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4927750/mod_resource/content/0/Creativity%20and%20Innovation%20in%20Organizations.pdf
Amankwaa, A., Gyensare, M. A., & Susomrith, P. (2019). Transformational leadership with innovative behaviour. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(4), 402-420. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-10-2018-0358
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441-462. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166789
Avolio, B. J., Zhu, W., Koh, W., & Bhatia, P. (2004). Transformational leadership and organizational commitment: Mediating role of psychological empowerment and moderating role of structural distance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8), 951-968. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.283
Bagheri, A., Newman, A., & Eva, N. (2020). Entrepreneurial leadership of CEOs and employees’ innovative behavior in high-technology new ventures. Journal of Small Business Management, 60(4), 805-827. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2020.1737094
Bak, H., Jin, M. H., & McDonald, B. D. (2021). Unpacking the transformational leadership-innovative work behavior relationship: The mediating role of psychological capital. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(1), 80-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2021.1939737
Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359-373. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.359
Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2(1), 21-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00024
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265-299. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303_03
Bandura, A. (2004). Social Cognitive Theory for Personal and Social Change by Enabling Media. In A. Singhal, M. J. Cody, E. M. Rogers, & M. Sabido (Eds.), Entertainment-education and social change: History, research, and practice (pp. 75–96). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441-462. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166789
Bass, B., & Riggio, R. (2005). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Psychology. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Developing transformational leadership: 1992 and beyond. Journal of European Industrial Training, 14(5), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090599010135122
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wiley.
Burns, J.M. (1978). Leadership. Harper and Row.
Cepeda-Carrion, G., Nitzl, C., & Roldán, J. (2018). Mediation analyses in partial least squares structural equation modeling: Guidelines and empirical Examples. In H., Latan., & R., Noonan. (Eds.), Partial Least Squares Path Modeling: Basic Concepts, Methodological Issues and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64069-3_8
Cerone, A., & Persico, D. (2014). Innovation and sustainability in education. In Information Technology and Open Source: Applications for Education, Innovation, and Sustainability (pp. 3-16), Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54338-8_1
Chaparro-Banegas, N., Ibañez Escribano, A. M., Mas-Tur, A., & Roig-Tierno, N. (2023). Innovation facilitators and sustainable development: A country comparative approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03055-w
Chen, J. K., & Chen, I. S. (2012). Creative-oriented personality, creativity improvement, and innovation level enhancement. Quality & Quantity, 46(5), 1625-1642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9471-8
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. The Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471-482. https://doi.org/10.2307/258093
Cook, K. S., Cheshire, C., Rice, E. R. W., & Nakagawa, S. (2013). Social exchange theory. In Handbook of social psychology (2nd ed., pp. 61-88). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0_3
De Jong, J., & Den Hartog, D. (2010). Measuring innovative work behaviour. Creativity and Innovation Management, 19(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2010.00547.x
Dedahanov, A., Bozorov, F., & Sung, S. (2019). Paternalistic leadership and innovative behavior: psychological empowerment as a mediator. Sustainability, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061770
Dong, Y., Bartol, K., Zhang, Z. X., & Li, C. (2016). Enhancing employee creativity via individual skill development and team knowledge sharing: Influences of dual‐focused transformational leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(2), 439-458. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2134
Dust, S. B., Resick, C. J., & Mawritz, M. B. (2014). Transformational leadership, psychological empowerment, and the moderating role of mechanistic–organic contexts. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(3), 413-433. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1904
Edenius, M., Keller, C., & Lindblad, S. (2010). Managing knowledge across boundaries in healthcare when innovation is desired. Knowledge Management & E-Learning, 2(2), 134-153. https://doi.org/10.34105/j.kmel.2010.02.011
Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social Exchange Theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2(1), 335-362. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Gemeda, H. K., & Lee, J. (2020). Leadership styles, work engagement and outcomes among information and communications technology professionals: A cross-national study. Heliyon, 6(4), e03699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03699
Ghardashi, F., Yaghoubi, M., Bahadori, M., & Teymourzadeh, E. (2019). Innovation capability in medical sciences universities: A qualitative study of Iran. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 8, 16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30815487/
Ghardashi, F., Yaghoubi, M., Teymourzadeh, E., Bahadori, M., & Salesi, M. (2022). The innovation capability model in higher education: A structural equation modelling approach. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2022.2125594
Gong, Y., Huang, J. C., & Farh, J. L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4),765-778. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2009.43670890
Grant, A. M. (2012). Leading with meaning: Beneficiary contact, prosocial impact, and the performance effects of transformational leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55(2), 458-476. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0588
Grošelj, M., Černe, M., Penger, S., & Grah, B. (2020). Authentic and transformational leadership and innovative work behaviour: The moderating role of psychological empowerment. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(3), 677-706. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-10-2019-0294
Gumusluoglu, L., & Ilsev, A. (2009). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research, 62(4), 461-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.07.032
Günzel-Jensen, F., Hansen, J. R., Jakobsen, M. L. F., & Wulff, J. (2017). A Two-pronged approach? combined leadership styles and innovative behavior. International Journal of Public Administration, 41(12), 957-970. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2017.1303711
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6
Hammond, M., Neff, N., Farr, J., Schwall, A., & Zhao, X. (2011). Predictors of individual-level innovation at work: A Meta-Analysis. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5, 90-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018556
Hansen, J. A., & Pihl-Thingvad, S. (2019). Managing employee innovative behaviour through transformational and transactional leadership styles. Public Management Review, 21(6), 918-944. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1544272
Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1111/jedm.12050
Helmy, I. (2022). Examining the role of thriving and ambidexterity on workplace friendship and innovative work behavior. The Journal of Behavioral Science, 17(3), 19-34. https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/article/view/256498
Homans, G. C. (1961). The humanities and the social sciences. American Behavioral Scientist, 4(8), 3-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276426100400802
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modeling: Guidelines for setermining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
https://arrow.tudublin.ie/buschmanart/2/
Hughes, D. J., Lee, A., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., & Legood, A. (2018). Leadership, creativity, and innovation: A critical review and practical recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(5), 549-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.03.001
Iqbal, A., Nazir, T., & Ahmad, M. S. (2020). Entrepreneurial leadership and employee innovative behavior: An examination through multiple theoretical lenses. European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(1), 173-190. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-06-2020-0212
Javed, B., Abdullah, I., Zaffar, M. A., Haque, A. U., & Rubab, U. (2018). Inclusive leadership and innovative work behavior: The role of psychological empowerment. Journal of Management & Organization, 25(04), 554-571. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.50
Javed, B., Fatima, T., Khan, A. K., & Bashir, S. (2020). Impact of inclusive leadership on innovative work behavior: The role of creative self‐efficacy. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 55(3), 769-782. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.487
Jha, S. (2014). Transformational leadership and psychological empowerment. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 3(1), 18-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJGBR-04-2012-0036
Jiang, W., & Gu, Q. (2017). Leader creativity expectations motivate employee creativity: A moderated mediation examination. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(5), 724-749. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1109535
Jung, D. I., Chow, C., & Wu, A. (2003). The role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4-5), 525-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00050-X
Jung, D. I., & Sosik, J. J. (2002). Transformational leadership in work groups: The role of empowerment, cohesiveness, and collective-efficacy on perceived group performance. Small Group Research, 33(3), 313-336. https://doi.org/10.1177/10496402033003002
Karimi, S., Malek, F. A., Farani, A. Y., & Liobikienė, G. (2023). The role of transformational leadership in developing innovative work behaviors: The mediating role of employees’ psychological capital. Sustainability, 15(2), 1267. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/2/1267
Kazmi, S. W., Kazimi, A. B., & Kerio, G. A. (2020). The impact of emotional stability, transformational leadership and innovative behavior on career success through self-efficacy. Global Economics Review, V(I), 286-298. https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2020(V-I).24
Khan, M. M., Mubarik, M. S., Islam, T., Rehman, A., Ahmed, S. S., Khan, E., & Sohail, F. (2021). How servant leadership triggers innovative work behavior: Exploring the sequential mediating role of psychological empowerment and job crafting. European Journal of Innovation Management, 25(4), 1037-1055. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-09-2020-0367
Kim, B. J., Kim, T. H., & Jung, S. Y. (2018). How to enhance sustainability through transformational leadership: The important role of employees’ forgiveness. Sustainability, 10(8), 2682. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082682
Kleebbua, C., & Lindratanasirikul, K. (2021). Learning climate for enhancing innovative behavior in Thai higher education. The Journal of Behavioral Science, 16(1), 45-57. https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/IJBS/article/view/234673
Knezović, E., & Drkić, A. (2020). Innovative work behavior in SMEs: The role of transformational leadership. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 43(2), 398-415. https://doi.org/10.1108/er-03-2020-0124
Kuhnert, K., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: A constructive/developmental analysis. The Academy of Management Review, 12, 648. https://doi.org/10.2307/258070
Lei, H., Leaungkhamma, L., & Le, P. B. (2020). How transformational leadership facilitates innovation capability: The mediating role of employees' psychological capital. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(4), 481-499. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-06-2019-0245
Li, H., Sajjad, N., Wang, Q., Ali, A. M., Khaqan, Z., & Amina, S. (2019). Influence of transformational leadership on employees’ innovative work behavior in sustainable organizations: Test of mediation and moderation processes. Sustainability, 11(6), 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061594
Li, H. A.-O., Shi, Y., Li, Y., Xing, Z., Wang, S., Ying, J., Zhang, M., & Sun, J. (2018). Relationship between nurse psychological empowerment and job satisfaction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(6), 1264-1277. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13549
Liu, Y., Wang, W., & Chen, D. (2019). Linking ambidextrous organizational culture to innovative behavior: A moderated mediation model of psychological empowerment and transformational leadership. Front Psychol, 10, 2192. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02192
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirecte effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
MacKinnon, D. P., Warsi, G., & Dwyer, J. H. (1995). A simulation study of mediated effect measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 30, 41-62. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3001_3
Masood, M., & Afsar, B. (2017). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior among nursing staff. Nursing Inquiry, 24(4), e12188. https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12188
McAuley, E. (1985). Modeling and self-efficacy: A test of Bandura's model. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(3), 283-295.
McCormick, M. J. (2001). Self-efficacy and leadership effectiveness: Applying social cognitive theory to leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190100800102
Mendoza-Silva, A. (2020). Innovation capability: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(3), 707-734. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-09-2019-0263
Meng, F., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, G., Tong, Y., & Lin, R. (2022). Linkages between transformational leadership, work meaningfulness and work engagement: A multilevel cross-sectional study. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 367-380. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S344624
Mittal, S., & Dhar, R. L. (2015). Transformational leadership and employee creativity. Management Decision, 53(5), 894-910. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-07-2014-0464
Mykhailyshyn, H., Kondur, O., & Serman, L. (2018). Innovation of education and educational innovations in conditions of modern higher education institution. Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 5(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.5.1.9-16
Newman, A., Tse, H. H. M., Schwarz, G., & Nielsen, I. (2018). The effects of employees' creative self-efficacy on innovative behavior: The role of entrepreneurial leadership. Journal of Business Research, 89, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.04.001
Nisula, A. M., & Kianto, A. (2016). The antecedents of individual innovative behaviour in temporary group innovation. Creartvity and Innovation Management, 25(4), 431-444. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12163
Nusair, N., Ababneh, R., & Kyung Bae, Y. (2012). The impact of transformational leadership style on innovation as perceived by public employees in Jordan. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 22(3), 182-201. https://doi.org/10.1108/10569211211260283
OECD. (2016). Innovating education and educating for innovation: The power of digital technologies and skills. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264265097-en
Paarlberg, L. E., & Lavigna, B. (2010). Transformational leadership and public service motivation: driving individual and organizational performance. Public Administration Review, 70(5), 710-718. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2010.02199.x
Pradhan, S., & Jena, L. K. (2019). Does meaningful work explains the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative work behaviour? Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers, 44(1), 30-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090919832434
Raghupathi, V., & Raghupathi, W. (2017). Innovation at country-level: Association between economic development and patents. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-017-0065-0
Rajab, M. H., Gazal, A. M., & Alkattan, K. (2020). Challenges to online medical education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cureus, 12(7), e8966. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8966
Rehman, W. U., Ahmad, M., Allen, M. M. C., Raziq, M. M., & Riaz, A. (2019). High involvement HR systems and innovative work behaviour: The mediating role of psychological empowerment, and the moderating roles of manager and co-worker support. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(4), 525-535. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2019.1614563
Saeed, B. B., Afsar, B., Shahjehan, A., & Imad Shah, S. (2019). Does transformational leadership foster innovative work behavior? The roles of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32(1), 254-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2018.1556108
Santoso, H., Elidjen, E., Abdinagoro, S. B., & Arief, M. (2019). The role of creative self-efficacy, transformational leadership, and digital literacy in supporting performance through innovative work behavior: Evidence from telecommunications industry. Management Science Letters, 9, 2305-2314. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.7.024
Sarwat, N., & Abbas, M. (2020). Individual knowledge creation ability: dispositional antecedents and relationship to innovative performance. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(5), 1763-1781. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-05-2020-0198
Schwartz, C. C., Ajjarapu, A. S., Stamy, C. D., & Schwinn, D. A. (2018). Comprehensive history of 3-year and accelerated US medical school programs: A century in review. Medical Education Online, 23(1), 1530557. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2018.1530557
Seibert, S., Wang, G., & Courtright, S. (2011). Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: A meta-analytic review. The Journal of Applied psychology, 96, 981-1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022676
Serdyukov, P. (2017). Innovation in education: What works, what doesn’t, and what to do about it? Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 10(1), 4-33. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIT-10-2016-0007
Sharifirad, M. S. (2013). Transformational leadership, innovative work behavior, and employee well-being. Global Business Perspectives, 1(3), 198-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40196-013-0019-2
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7(4), 422–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.4.422
Slatten, T. (2014). Determinants and effects of employee’s creative self-efficacy on innovative activities. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 6(4), 326-347. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQSS-03-2013-0013
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. The Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465. https://doi.org/10.2307/256865
Stanescu, D. F., Zbuchea, A., & Pinzaru, F. (2020). Transformational leadership and innovative work behaviour: The mediating role of psychological empowerment. Kybernetes, 50(5), 1041-1057. https://doi.org/10.1108/k-07-2019-0491
Stevens, R. J. (2004). Why do educational innovations come and go? What do we know? What can we do? Teaching and Teacher Education, 20(4), 389-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2004.02.011
Su, W., Lin, X., & Ding, H. (2019). The Influence of supervisor developmental feedback on employee innovative behavior: A moderated mediation model. Front Psychol, 10, 1581. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01581
Suhana, S., Udin, U., Suharnomo, S., & Mas’ud, F. (2019). Transformational leadership and innovative behavior: The mediating role of knowledge sharing in Indonesian private university. International Journal of Higher Education, 8, 15. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v8n6p15
Teng, C.-C., Hu, C.-M., & Chang, J.-H. (2020). Triggering creative self-efficacy to increase employee innovation behavior in the hospitality workplace. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(4), 912-925. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.419
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137-1148. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069429
Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2011). Creative self-efficacy development and creative performance over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 277-293. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020952
Tudor Car, L., Kyaw, B. M., Dunleavy, G., Smart, N. A., Semwal, M., Rotgans, J. I., Low-Beer, N., & Campbell, J. (2019). Digital problem-based learning in health professions: Systematic review and meta-analysis by the digital health education collaboration. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(2), e12945. https://doi.org/10.2196/12945
Walumbwa, F. O., & Hartnell, C. A. (2011). Understanding transformational leadership–employee performance links: The role of relational identification and self-efficacy. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(1), 153-172. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317910X485818
Wang, C. J., Tsai, H. T., & Tsai, M. T. (2014). Linking transformational leadership and employee creativity in the hospitality industry: The influences of creative role identity, creative self-efficacy, and job complexity. Tourism Management, 40, 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.008
Yang, M., Luu, T. T., & Qian, D. (2021). Dual-focused transformational leadership and service innovation in hospitality organisations: A multilevel investigation. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 98, 103035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103035
Yasir, M., Majid, A., Yousaf, Z., Nassani, A. A., & Haffar, M. (2021). An integrative framework of innovative work behavior for employees in SMEs linking knowledge sharing, functional flexibility and psychological empowerment. European Journal of Innovation Management, 6(2), 289-308. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-02-2021-0091
Zhu, C., Wang, D., Cai, Y., & Engels, N. (2013). What core competencies are related to teachers' innovative teaching?. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 41(1), 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2012.753984