Perceived Social Support and Workplace Deviant Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Self-esteem in Employees in Saudi Arabia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Workplace deviant behaviors (WDB) are considered a threat to organizations because they lead to negative consequences that affect the wellbeing of the organization and its employees. This study explored the role of perceived social support (PSS) from family, friends, and significant others on WDB, including its two dimensions, interpersonal (WDBI) and organizational (WDBO), with self-esteem (SE) as a mediator, proposed from the lens of social support theory. The purpose of this study was to test the proposed model with a sample that included 244 employees from the construction sector in Saudi Arabia. The data were collected via surveys, and the model was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The analysis revealed insignificant direct relationships between the three social support sources and interpersonal and organizational deviance. For the indirect relationships, SE fully mediated the relationships between family support with both WDBI (β = -.04, p =.02) and WDBO (β = -.05, p = .02). However, the relationship between friends support, WDBI and WDBO through SE were insignificant. Likewise, the relationship between significant others support, WDBI and WDBO through SE were insignificant. The study recommends that HR practices should enhance employees’ moral values and skills, and emphasize the organizational laws and punishments. Further, managers should consider investing in strategies that strengthen employee relationships with their families so that they could provide adequate support to boosts the members’ self-esteem, and hence enhance their positive behaviors and attitudes.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2016). Introduction to the psychology of self-esteem. In F. Holloway (Ed.), Self-esteem: Perspectives, influences and improvement strategies (pp. 1–23). Nova Science.
Abdullah, M. I., Huang, D., Sarfraz, M., Naseer, J., & Sadiq, M. W. (2021). Signifying the relationship between counterproductive work behavior and firm's performance: The mediating role of organizational culture. Business Process Management Journal, 27(6), 1892–1911. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-12-2020-0546
Al Kurdi, B., Alshurideh, M., & Al Afaishat, T. A. (2020). Employee retention and organizational performance: Evidence from banking industry. Management Science Letters, 10(16), 3981–3990. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.7.011
Allen, J. A., Yoerger, M. A., Lehmann-Willenbrock, N., & Jones, J. (2015). Would you please stop that!? The relationship between counterproductive meeting behaviors, employee voice, and trust. Journal of Management Development, 34(10), 1272–1287. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-02-2015-0032
Asuero, A. G., Sayago, A., & González, A. G. (2006). The correlation coefficient: An overview. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 36(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408340500526766
Babale, A., Abdullah, S. M., Tijjani, A. A., Wasilu, S., Akindele, & Adeniyi, J. (2022). Mediating role of coaching on the relationship between compensation, job involvement and feedback on employee productivity. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 22(A9), 25–43.
Bai, Q., Lin, W., & Wang, L. (2016). Family incivility and counterproductive work behavior: A moderated mediation model of self-esteem and emotional regulation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.02.014
Baron, R. A., & Neuman, J. H. (1996). Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence on their relative frequency and potential causes. Aggressive Behavior, 22(3), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:3<161::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-Q
Bartlett, J. E., & Bartlett, M. E. (2011). Workplace bullying: An integrative literature review. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422311410651
Bennett, R. J., Marasi, S., & Locklear, L. (2018, May 24). Workplace deviance. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. https://oxfordre.com/business/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.001.0001/acrefore-9780190224851-e-111?rskey=niCcjR
Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.349
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C.-P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16(1), 78–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124187016001004
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research. Sage Publications.
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Daboun, O., Md Yusof, A., & Khoso, A. R. (2023). Relationship management in construction projects: Systematic literature review. Engineering Management Journal, 35(2), 120–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10429247.2022.2041962
Dar, N., & Rahman, W. (2022). Interactional justice and deviant workplace behavior: The mediating role of perceived supervisor support in hotel industry of KP-Pakistan. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management, and Innovation, 4(1), 149-166. https://doi.org/10.52633/jemi.v4i1.121
Dimitrov, D. M. (2012). Statistical methods for validation of assessment scale data in counseling and related fields. American Counseling Association.
Everton, W. J., Jolton, J. A., & Mastrangelo, P. M. (2007). Be nice and fair or else: Understanding reasons for employees' deviant behaviors. Journal of Management Development, 26(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710710726035
Farhan, S., & Atif, T. (2022). Relationship of ego resilience, perceived social support and depression with job satisfaction of working women. Pakistan Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(1), 58–67. https://doi.org/10.52461/pjap.v2i1.860
Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Lian, H., & Keeping, L. M. (2009). When does self-esteem relate to deviant behavior? The role of contingencies of self-worth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1345–1353. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016115
Fiset, J., Al Hajj, R., & Vongas, J. G. (2017). Workplace ostracism seen through the lens of power. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1528. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01528
Fitriastuti, T., & Vanderstraeten, A. (2022). Being out of the loop: Workplace deviance as a mediator of the impact of impression management on workplace exclusion. Sustainability, 14(2), 1004. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14021004
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
George, D., & Mallery, M. (2003). Using SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. Allyn & Bacon.
Gibbs, J. P. (1966). Conceptions of deviant behavior: The old and the new. Pacific Sociological Review, 9(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388302
Guay, R. P., Choi, D., Oh, I.-S., Mitchell, M. S., Mount, M. K., & Shin, K.-H. (2016). Why people harm the organization and its members: Relationships among personality, organizational commitment, and workplace deviance. Human Performance, 29(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1120305
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). Pearson Education.
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60(6), 895–910. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.6.895
Hendy, H. M., Can, S. H., & Black, P. (2019). Workplace deviance as a possible “maladaptive coping” behavior displayed in association with workplace stressors. Deviant Behavior, 40(7), 791–798. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2018.1441684
Hood, A. C., Cruz, K. S., & Bachrach, D. G. (2017). Conflicts with friends: A multiplex view of friendship and conflict and its association with performance in teams. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9436-y
Hu, L. t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Invest Saudi. (2023). Invest Saudi Quarterly Magazine Q1 2023. https://investsaudi.sa/medias/Invest-Saudi-Quarterly-Magazine-Q1-23-english.pdf
Ismael, F., Hussein, B., Ibrahim, M. S., & Akoye, S. (2022). The mediation role of organization citizenship behaviour between employee motivation and productivity: Analysis of Pharmaceutical Industries in KRG. International Journal of Humanities and Education Development (IJHED), 4(1), 10–22. https://doi.org/10.22161/jhed.4.1.2
Itzkovich, Y., & Heilbrunn, S. (2016). The role of co-workers’ solidarity as an antecedent of incivility and deviant behavior in organizations. Deviant Behavior, 37(8), 861–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1152865
John, S., & Bapu KG, V. (2022). Impact of perceived social support in self-esteem and aggression among adolescents. International Journal of Indian Psychȯlogy, 10(3), 1004–1012. https://doi.org/10.25215/1003.109
Kammeyer-Mueller, J., Wanberg, C., Rubenstein, A., & Song, Z. (2013). Support, undermining, and newcomer socialization: Fitting in during the first 90 days. Academy of Management Journal, 56(4), 1104–1124. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0791
Khalid, J., Weng, Q. D., Luqman, A., Rasheed, M. I., & Hina, M. (2023). After-hours work-related technology use and individuals' deviance: The role of interruption overload, psychological transition and task closure. Kybernetes, 52(1), 158–181. https://doi.org/10.1108/k-05-2020-0304
Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., & Taylor, S. E. (2008). Culture and social support. American Psychologist, 63(6), 518–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X
Kim, E. H., & Nho, C. R. (2020). Longitudinal reciprocal relationships between self‐esteem, family support, and life satisfaction in Korean multicultural adolescents. Asian Social Work and Policy Review, 14(3), 184–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/aswp.12208
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford.
Liu, G., Pan, Y., Ma, Y., & Zhang, D. (2021). Mediating effect of psychological suzhi on the relationship between perceived social support and self-esteem. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(3), 378–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105318807962
Miller, V. D., & Jablin, F. M. (1991). Information seeking during organizational entry: Influences, tactics, and a model of the process. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 92–120. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4278997
Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1159
Monteiro, R. P., Coelho, G. L. d. H., Hanel, P. H., de Medeiros, E. D., & da Silva, P. D. G. (2021). The efficient assessment of self-esteem: Proposing the brief Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 17(2), 931–947. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-021-09936-4
Montgomery, K., Kane, K., & Vance, C. M. (2004). Accounting for differences in norms of respect: A study of assessments of incivility through the lenses of race and gender. Group & Organization Management, 29(2), 248–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601103252105
Muafi, J. (2011). Causes and consequences of deviant workplace behavior. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 2(2), 123–126.
Načinović Braje, I., Aleksić, A., & Rašić Jelavić, S. (2020). Blame it on individual or organization environment: What predicts workplace deviance more? Social Sciences, 9(6), 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9060099
Nisar, Q. A., Haider, S., Ali, F., Naz, S., & Ryu, K. (2021). Depletion of psychological, financial, and social resources in the hospitality sector during the pandemic. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 93, 102794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102794
Noermijati, N., Firdaus, E., & Baltimurik, R. (2021). The effects of personality, deviant behavior, and employee engagement on frontline employees' organizational commitment. Management Science Letters, 11(3), 1033–1044. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.9.039
Nurmalaah, S., Suryatni, M., & Nurmayanti, S. (2022). The effect of organizational justice, emotional intelligence, and self-esteem on counterproductive work behavior mediated by work stress (study at the Ministry of Religion West Nusa Tenggara Province). International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 9(8), 426–441.
O'Leary-Kelly, A. M., Griffin, R. W., & Glew, D. J. (1996). Organization-motivated aggression: A research framework. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 225–253. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9602161571
Okazaki, E., Nishi, D., Susukida, R., Inoue, A., Shimazu, A., & Tsutsumi, A. (2019). Association between working hours, work engagement, and work productivity in employees: A cross-sectional study of the Japanese Study of Health, Occupation, and Psychosocial Factors Relates Equity. Journal of Occupational Health, 61(2), 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12023
Orth, U., & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804674-6.00012-0
Park, I.-J., Kim, P. B., Hai, S., & Zhang, X. (2021). What matters for employees’ daily interpersonal behaviors? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(4), 1210–1229. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-05-2020-0479
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Poudel, A., Gurung, B., & Khanal, G. P. (2020). Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: the mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychology, 8, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00409-1
Riaz, A., Mahmood, S., & Shabbir, J. (2020). Examining relationship between emotional intelligence and counterproductive work behavior: A moderated mediated model. Journal of Management and Research, 7(2), 252–287. https://doi.org/10.29145/jmr/72/070209
Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555–572. https://doi.org/10.5465/256693
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES). APA PsycNet Direct. https://doi.org/10.1037/t01038-000
Saleem, M., Tahir, M. A., & Ul Huda, N. (2013). Perceived social support and clinical anger among drug addicts of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 7(2), 298–308. https://jespk.net/publications/124.pdf
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2012). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Settoon, R. P., & Adkins, C. L. (1997). Newcomer socialization: The role of supervisors, coworkers, friends and family members. Journal of Business and Psychology, 11, 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02195895
Shi, L.-s.-b., Xu, R. H., Xia, Y., Chen, D.-x., & Wang, D. (2022). The impact of COVID-19-related work stress on the mental health of primary healthcare workers: The mediating effects of social support and resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 800183. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.800183
Shumaker, S. A., & Brownell, A. (1984). Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps. Journal of Social Issues, 40(4), 11–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01105.x
Solomon, S. (2006). Self-esteem is central to human well-being. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem, issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives (pp. 254–260). Psychology.
Tehseen, S., Ramayah, T., & Sajilan, S. (2017). Testing and controlling for common method variance: A review of available methods. Journal of Management Sciences, 4(2), 142–168. https://doi.org/10.20547/jms.2014.1704202
Thau, S., Bennett, R. J., Mitchell, M. S., & Marrs, M. B. (2009). How management style moderates the relationship between abusive supervision and workplace deviance: An uncertainty management theory perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.06.003
Tufan, C., Namal, M. K., Arpat, B., Yesil, Y., & Mert, I. S. (2023). The mediating effect of organizational justice perception on the relationship between ethical leadership and workplace deviant behaviors. Sustainability, 15(2), 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021342
Ullah, F. (2017). Personality factors as determinants of psychological well-being among university students. International Journal of Indian Psychȯlogy, 4(2), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.25215/0402.061
Vogel, R. M., & Mitchell, M. S. (2017). The motivational effects of diminished self-esteem for employees who experience abusive supervision. Journal of Management, 43(7), 2218–2251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314566462
Wagner, J. A., III, & Hollenbeck, J. R. (2020). Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.
Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/270754
Yang, Y., Wang, P., Kelifa, M. O., Wang, B., Liu, M., Lu, L., & Wang, W. (2022). How workplace violence correlates turnover intention among Chinese health care workers in COVID‐19 context: The mediating role of perceived social support and mental health. Journal of Nursing Management, 30(6), 1407–1414. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13325
Yildiz, M. A., & Karadas, C. (2017). Multiple mediation of self-esteem and perceived social support in the relationship between loneliness and life satisfaction. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(3), 130–139. https://core.ac.uk/reader/234639780
Zheng, J., Zhang, Z., Wu, G., Yang, Y., Xia, N., & Liu, B. (2021). Daily self-efficacy, work engagement, and deviance behavior among construction professionals and workers: Cross-level moderating role of job control. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 147(4), 04021018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0002022
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2