THE PROCESS OF CREATING PUJA DRUMS IN THE UPPER NORTHERN

Abstract

This research aims to study the construction process of Puja drums in upper northern Thailand. Puja drums represent cultural heritage that reflects the history, beliefs, and way of life of the Lanna communities in upper northern Thailand. The drums consist of two large double-sided drums and small tub drums. In ancient times, they were used in warfare, religious ceremonies, and as community signals. Currently, they can be utilized in processions, festivals, and cultural arts events. Data were collected through observation, field recording, and interviews with teachers, academics, scholars, monks, wisdom keepers, drum makers, and young people who continue the tradition of playing Puja drums. The study found that Puja drum construction begins with selecting hardwood, which is then drilled and hollowed according to desired dimensions. Air ventilation holes are drilled, and the drum is covered with animal hide to achieve the desired sound and popularity in each area. The hide is soaked in water mixed with galangal to reduce odor and increase flexibility. It is then tied and secured to the drum base with wedges tightened for tension. The hide is massaged and sun-dried until completely dry. The drum's heart, made from gourd fruit containing precious stones, yantra cloth, and paper inscribed with incantations and prayers, is created to generate loving-kindness, popularity, and ward off evil spirits. This heart is then hung inside the drum before covering with the drumhead. Subsequently, the drum is decorated for aesthetic appeal and the sound is adjusted to achieve the desired melodious tone. The completed drums are stored in drum houses or drum towers for use on various occasions. The Puja drum construction process reflects folk artisan wisdom, construction techniques, Buddhist beliefs, and culture. This represents the cultural wisdom heritage of the Lanna people that deserves preservation and continuation for future generations.