A Comparative Study of Empathy in Theravada Buddhism and Modern Psychology

Abstract

This article aims to compare the concept of empathy between Theravada Buddhism and modern psychology through a study of relevant literature and research. The findings reveal that in Theravada Buddhism, empathy is defined through the principle of Karuna (Compassion) within the Brahmavihara IV (Four Sublime States). This is not merely an emotion of pity, but a mental state refined by wisdom, grounded in the realization of the Four Noble Truths and Dependent Origination, emphasizing the process of ego-reduction to perceive the suffering of others without being overwhelmed by aversion or grief. In contrast, modern psychology explains empathy through the lens of cognitive and affective dimensions, underpinned by neurobiological mechanisms and the mirror neuron system. Furthermore, modern psychology emphasizes the maintenance of boundaries between the self and others to prevent emotional burnout. The comparative analysis indicates that while both disciplines share a common goal of fostering prosocial behavior, they employ different practical approaches: Buddhism utilizes the dissolution of self-boundaries to cultivate boundless compassion, whereas modern psychology utilizes the management of self-boundaries for appropriate responsiveness. The conclusion of this study suggests that integrating compassionate intention with emotional discernment will enhance interpersonal relationships and effective mental well-being within the context of the modern world.