Book Review: Buddhism and the Environment

Abstract

The book review of Buddhism and the Environment by Prawet Inthongpan examines the relationship between Buddhist thought and environmental issues. The study identifies ten major dimensions in the author’s framework. First, the philosophical and religious perspective includes five core concepts: Anthropocentrism, Biocentrism, Ecocentrism, Pantheism, and Ultimate Truth (Sacca-dhamma). Second, Buddhism and the environment reflect a profound and harmonious relationship between religious principles and the natural world. Third, environmental problems arise primarily from human desire, and their resolution requires integration of natural sciences, social sciences, and the humanities. Fourth, Buddhism and forests share a symbiotic connection, as forests serve both as living spaces and as places for Dhamma practice, supported by monastic discipline (Vinaya) concerning forest dwelling (Senasana). Fifth, Buddhism regards animals as fellow beings subject to birth, aging, illness, and death, deserving loving-kindness and compassion. Sixth, water conservation is emphasized, recognizing water as essential to life and guided by monastic regulations and Dhamma principles related to proper usage. Seventh, Buddhist environmental philosophy is grounded in dependent origination (Paticcasamuppada), the three characteristics (Tilakkhana), the five aggregates (Panca-khandha), and the Four Noble Truths (Ariyasacca) as dynamic processes. Eighth, Buddhist ethics in environmental conservation are expressed through the principle of gratitude (Katanyukatavedita). Ninth, Thai Buddhist monks, as long-standing spiritual leaders, play significant roles in environmental preservation. Tenth, Buddhist rituals and community beliefs contribute to conservation practices. While acknowledging these perspectives, the reviewer offers two differing views. First, in philosophical and religious terms, Dhamma-niyama, or the Order of Nature, is proposed as the true Buddhist conception of environment, encompassing both non-human ecosystems and the internal environment of body and mind, known as Nama-Rupa. Second, regarding environmental issues, although Prawet emphasizes reliance on sciences and humanities, the reviewer argues that genuine environmental wisdom must arise from inner transformation, addressing human desire at its source within the individual.