Discipline and Forest Conservation

Abstract

This academic article aims to examine the concept of Vinaya and forest conservation, highlighting that nature consists of interrelated biotic and abiotic components. These include physical elements such as soil, water, air, and sunlight, as well as chemical elements such as minerals and nutrients, all of which form the foundation of ecological systems. In Buddhist thought, the Buddha emphasized the importance of forests as suitable environments (sappāya) for monastic life, including forests, rivers, streams, caves, mountain gorges, and secluded dwellings.
The study reveals that principles concerning environmental conservation embedded in the Vinaya can be categorized into two forms: (1) permissions and (2) prohibitions. In particular, the principle of the Four Nissayas prescribes monastic conduct to prevent environmental degradation, such as prohibitions against spitting or excreting into natural water sources, damaging the ground, or destroying living vegetation (bhūtāgāma). Moreover, the Vinaya promotes personal and social development through key teachings, including the Four Bhāvanās and the principle of Sappāya, which cultivate ecological awareness and ethical responsibility toward natural resources.
This article underscores the role of monks as ethical leaders in conserving and restoring ecosystems on land, in water, and in the air thereby contributing to the long-term sustainability of the natural environment.