Mani ‘Sakai’: Representations, Ethnicity and Marginality
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This research article aims to (i) study the representations of the Mani ‘Sakai’ which are presented through the discourse of Thai daily newspapers and the discourse of documentary as well as the linguistic devices used to communicate the representations, and (ii) identify the relationship between Mani ‘Sakai’ representations and the ethnicity and marginality. Data was collected from 10 online Thai daily newspapers, Mani documentary (Sorakadee Mani) published on YouTube and 2 documentary publications (Sarakadee Sakai). Results show that the Thai daily newspaper discourse use 3 linguistic devices, including word choices, metaphors and sentence patterns, whereas the documentary discourse uses 4 linguistic devices, including word choices, metaphors, sentence patterns, and negation. The representations of the Mani ‘Sakai’ in Thai daily newspapers are: (i) the Sakai are wild men, outdated and different from the majority of people in the country; (ii) the Sakai live a vagrant life; (iii) the Sakai’s lifestyles change over time; (iv) the Sakai need assistance in problem - solving and improving quality of life; and (v) the Sakai are a tourism product. The representations of the Mani ‘Sakai’ in documentaries are: (i) the Sakai have a deep connection with forests; (ii) the Sakai live a vagrant life; (iii) the Sakai’s lifestyles change over time; (iv) the Sakai need assistance; (v) the Sakai are the underprivileged who have been exploited by the society; and (vi) the Sakai are a tourism product. In addition, Mani ‘Sakai’ representations are related to the ethnicity and marginality. In other words, they are illustrated as ethnic minorities who have been pushed away to the opposite direction of the center and the majority of people in the country.
Article Details
There is no charge for paper processing and publication. Once the paper is under peer-review process, however, if the paper is withdrawn for any reason the author will be responsible for the expense of 3,000 Baht occurred in the review process.
References
Boonyasaranai, P. (2003). Chon phaoʻākhā: phāplak thī thūk sāng hai sokkaprok lālang tǣ dưngdūt čhai [Akha people: an image that is made dirty, lagging but attractive]. Bangkok: Plan Printing.
Brooks, J. (2013). Sā kai [Sakai]. Retrieved February 15, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com.
Charoensin-o-larn, Ch. (1999). Wāt kammakān phatthanā: ʻamnāt khwāmrū khwām čhing ʻēkkalak læ khwāmpen ʻư̄n [Develop- ment Discourse Power Knowledge truth Identity and Otherness]. Bangkok: Research and Development Center, Krirk University.
Choenkwan, Ph. (2006). Kānsư̄sān khō̜ng klum sā kai thī yāi thinthān māsū chumchon mư̄ang nai kān prap tūa læ kān sadǣngʻattalak hǣng chāttiphan [Communication for adaptation and identity presentation of Sakais indigenous immigrating to town community] (Master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University).
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok. Suwanit, Pr. (1988). Khrō̜p khrūa sā kai mư̄a khon pā mā yū mư̄ang [Sakai family when the savage came to town]. Sarakadee, 38(4), 52 - 71.
Duangjan, P. (1980). Sā kai: čhao hǣng khun khao læ samunphrai [Sakai: Master of the mountains and herbs]. Bangkok: Office of the National Culture Commission, Ministry of Education.
Hongladarom, Kr. (2000). Parit chēt kīeokap chonklumnō̜i nai prathēt Thai: kānsưksā khwāmsamphan rawāng phāsā kap ʻudomkān [Discourses on ethnic minorities in Thailand: a study of the relationship between form and meaning]. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
Komprasit, M. (2010). Kānsưksā prīapthīap withīkān bō̜k wēlā nai phāsā Thai Krung Thēp kap phāsā sā kai ʻǣn thī ʻamphœ̄ pā bō̜n čhangwat Phatthalung [A comparative study of temporal expressions in Bangkok Thailand Sakai Taenaen at Pa Bon district, Phatthalung province] (Master’s thesis, Silpakorn University).
Kunnuwong, S. (2013). Māni [Mani]. Retrieved February 15, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com.
Luangaram, P. (2003). Attalak chāttiphan læ khwāmpen chāi khō̜p [Ethnic identity and marginalization]. Bangkok: Plan Printing.
Mukdawijitra, Y. (2005). ʻān watthanatham chumchon [Read community culture]. Bangkok: Fah Deaw Kan.
Phakdeephasuk, S. (2018). Khwāmsamphan rawāng phāsā kap ʻattalak læ nǣothāng kānnam māsưksā phāsā Thai [The Relationship between Language and Identity and Ways to Study Thai]. Bangkok: Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University.
Phanchan, Y. (1992). Chīwit dang fan thī thư̄akkhao banthat [Life is like a dream in the Banthat mountain range]. Bangkok: Art literature.
Panpothong, N. (2013). Wāt kam wikhro̜ chœ̄ng wi phāk tām nǣo phāsāsāt [Critical Discourse Analysis based on linguistics]. Bangkok: Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University.
Photčhanānukrom plǣ phāsā [Translate dictionary]. (2015). Retrieved February 26, 2015, from http://th.w3dictionary.org/index.
Phothisan, Ch. (2013). Klum chāttiphan māni (sā kai) kap kān khao sū prachākhom ʻĀsīan [Mani Ethnic Group (Sakai) and the entry into ASEAN]. Nakhon Pathom: Center for the Study of Language and Culture in Crisis Mahidol University.
Raksasat, A. (et al). (2002). Prachāthipatai ʻudomkān lakkān læ bǣpyāng kān pokkhrō̜ng lāi prathēt [Democracy, ideology, principles and precedents of governance of many countries]. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
Ritthaphirom, B. (2005). Nāyoknang ngo̜ sē mang phāk tai [Mr. Kanang Ngo Semang, southern region]. Bangkok: Bhannakij.
Silapasan, U, Phraya. (2005). Lak phāsā Thai [Thai language principles]. Bangkok: Thai Watana Panich.
Suriya, Th. (2011). Khwāmsamphan rawāng phāsā kap phāp tūathǣn khō̜ng nakthōt prahān læ kān prahān chīwit nai nangsư̄phim rāi wan Thai [The relationship between language and representations of death - row inmates and executions in Thai newspapers] (Master’s thesis, Silpakorn University).
Winichakul, Th. (2000). Khon ʻư̄n nai phư̄n din ton kāndœ̄nthāng kap kān čhamnǣk chāttiphan khō̜ng rātsadō̜n Sayām tām thin thān rawāng Phō̜.Sō̜. sō̜ngphansīrō̜iyīsippǣt - sō̜ngphansīrō̜i hāsipsām [The Other Within: Travel and Proto - Ethnography in Siam 1880 - 1920]. London: Curgon Press.
Winichakul, Th. (2017). Khon Thai/khon ʻư̄n [Thai people/others]. Nonthaburi: Fah Deaw Kan.