Cultural Development of Ancient Communities in the Area between Loei and Nam Mong River Valleys before the 14th Century, Based on Archaeological Evidence
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Published:
Dec 21, 2021
Keywords:
Cultural Development Upper Northeastern Thailand Archaeological Evidence Prehistoric Period Dvaravati
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Abstract
The objective of this article is to study the cultural development of ancient communities located between Loei and Huai Nam Mong river valleys before the 14thcentury, based on archaeological evidence. Study results are as follows: In prehistoric period, the incipient community was found on the Mekong River at the north of Sakon Nakhon basin, dating from 5,500 - 2,700 B.P. Later, there existed ancient communities at the Phu Lon archaeological site, dating from 4,000 - 3,500 B.P. into the Iron Age (2,500-1,500 B.P.), that smelted and exported copper ore and iron throughout the northeastern region. Inland communities were located on the Loei River and at the east of Phu Phan mountain range. The Loei communities produced typical stucco works on terracotta wares whereas the Phu Phan communities’ terracotta showed some relations with other communities of Ban Chiang culture.
In historic period, there existed ancient communities of Dvaravati culture, with no moat or mound around their settlements. Theravada Buddhism was dominant in these areas, except for communities at the east of Phu Phan mountain range where Mahayana Buddhism and arts were accepted from Cambodia, as evidenced by local worship statues.
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References
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Saisingha, S. (2009). Phraphuttharūp salak thī phanang tham wangchāng kān phasomphasān thāng watthanatham rawāng thawā Rawadee thō̜ngthin ʻĪsān læ Khamēn nai sinlapa Lāo [Buuha Immage at Tham Wang Xang: An Interesting between the Isan’s Dvarvati Culyure and the Khmer Culture in Laotian Arts]. Mauangboranjournal, 35(2), 90 - 96.
Samackthai, P. (2016). Rāingān phon kāndamnœ̄n ngān nai lum khutnamāilēk nưng (TP.nưng) khrōngkān khutkhon phư̄a kū lǣng bōrānnakhadī nai phư̄nthī khrōngkān ʻanurak læ fư̄nfū hūai pūan phrō̜m rabop bān nō̜ng māk māk kǣo mū thī hok tambon pūan phu ʻamphœ̄ hō̜ng hin čhangwat lœ̄I [Report on results of operation, taken place in excavation the 1st test pit, Excavation Project for Recovery of Archeological Site, in the area of Huai Puan Conservation and Rehabilitation Project, including water - distribution system, Ban Nong Mak Kaeo, Village No. 6, Puan Phu sub - district, Nong Hin district, Loei province]. The 9th Reginal Office of Fine Arts, Khonkaen, Fine Arts Department.
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Thongkam, S. (2015). Rāingān kānsamrūat lǣng bōrānnakhadī phū tǣk bān chōk chai tambon Dong mafai ʻAmphœ̄ Suwan khūhā Čhangwat Nō̜ng būa lam phū [Report of the Phu Taek Archaeological Survey, Ban Chok Chai, Dong Mafai Sub district, Suwannakhuha District, Nong Bua Lamphu Province]. The 9th Reginal Office of Fine Arts, Khonkaen, Fine Arts Department.
Vallibhotama, Sr. (1990).ʻǣng ʻārayatham ʻĪsān chǣ lakthān bōrān nakhadī phlik chōmnā prawattisāt Thai [A Northeastern site of civilization new archaeological evidence to change the face of Thai history]. Bangkok: Matichon Publishing.
Vallibhotama, Sr. (2005). Lek lōha patiwat mư̄a sō̜ng, hārō̜i pī mā lǣo yuk leknai prathēt Thai: phatthanākān thāng theknōlōyī læ sang khom [Iron, “revolutionary metal”, 2,500 years ago. Iron age in Thailand: Technological and Social Development]. Bangkok: Matichon Publishing House.
White, J.C. (2008). Dating early bronze at Ban Chaing, Thailand. The 11th International Conference of European Association of Southeast Asian.
Wongadsapaiboon, Th. (2016). Rāingān phon kāndamnœ̄n ngān nai lum khutkhon māilēk sō̜ng læ sām khrōngkān khutkhon phư̄a kū lǣng bōrānnakhadī nai phư̄nthī khrōngkān ʻanurak læ fư̄nfū hūai pūan phrō̜m rabop kračhāi nam bān nō̜ng māk kǣo mū thī hok tambon pūan phu ʻamphœ̄ nō̜ng hin čhangwat lœ̄I [Report on results of operation, taken place in excavation the 2nd and 3rd test pit, Excavation Project for Recovery of Archeological Site, in the area of Huai Puan Conservation and Rehabilitation Project, including water - distribution system, Ban Nong Mak Kaeo, Village No. 6, Puan Phu sub - district, Nong Hin district, Loei province (computer printing documents)]. The 9th Reginal Office of Fine Arts, Khonkaen, Fine Arts Department.
Department of Land Development. (n.d.). Rabop nam sanœ̄ phǣnthī chut din māttrāsūan nưng tō̜ sō̜ng mư̄nhā phan [The system presents a map of soil series. Scale 1: 25,000]. Retrieved June 6, 2020, from http://eis.ldd.go.th/lddeis/SoilView.aspx.
Department of Mineral Resources. (n.d.). Phǣnthī sadǣng chan khunnaphāp lumnam læ phư̄nthī lumnam lak Phō̜.Sō̜. sō̜ngphanhārō̜isīsipčhet [Map showing watershed class quality and major basin areas 2004] Retrieved June 16, 2020, from http://www.dmr.go.th/download/scheme/3.pdf.
Gorman, C. & Charoenwomgsa, P. (1976). Ban Chiang: A mosaic of impressions from the first two year. Expedition; Philadelphia, 18(4), 14 - 26.
Jirawattana, M. (2003). Klō̜ng Mahōrathưk nai Prathēt Thai [The bronze kettle drums in Thailand]. Bangkok: Office of the National Museum, Fine Arts Department.
Kijngam, A. & Natapintu, S. (1988). ‘Adīt ʻĪsān [Former Northeast of Thailand]. Bangkok: Fine Arts Department.
Kingmanee, A. (1998). Kānsưksā bư̄angton dān prawattisāt sinlapa khō̜ng baisēmā klum Phra phut bātbūa bān Bānphư̄ čhangwat ʻUdō̜n thānī [Preliminary study on the history of art of Sema, Phra Phutthabat Bua Ban Group, Ban Phue, Udon Thani Province]. In Chaimongkol, S. (e.d.), Baisēmā klum Phra phut bātbūa bān ʻamphœ̄ Bānphư̄ Čhangwat ʻUdō̜n thānī [Sema, Phra Phutthabat Bua Ban Group, Ban Phue District, Udon Thani Province] (26 - 53). Bangkok: Fine Arts Department.
Kitchotprasert, K. (2003). Lāi pan pæ bon phāchana din phao yuk lek bō̜riwēn lumnam lœ̄i [Stucco Works on Terracotta Wares of Iron Loei River Basin], Silpakorn Journal, 46(6), 56 - 67.
Kitchotprasert, K. (n.d.). Rāingān bư̄angton: kān khutkhon lǣng bōrānnakhadī Khōkkhō̜n Bān khōkkhō̜n mū thī sī ʻamphœ̄ Thā bō̜ čhangwat Nō̜ngkhāi [Preliminary report: Excavation of the Origin of Khok Khon, Ban Khok Khon, Village No. 4, Tha Bo District, Nong Khai Province]. The 9th Reginal Office of Fine Arts, Khonkaen, Fine Arts Department.
Maneechoot, S. (1991). Baisēmā hin čhangwat lœ̄i [Sema in Loei Province] In Chaiyasin, D. (ed.), Mō̜radok thai lœ̄i [Heritage of Loei] (87 - 104). Loei: Loei Provincial Administration Organization jointly with Loei Provincial Cultural Center, Loei Teacher College.
Natapintu, S. (1987). Bān chīang [Ban Chiang]. Bangkok: O.S. Printing House.
Natapintu, S. (1999). Phatthanākān khō̜ng watthanatham samai kō̜n prawat tisāt nai prathēt Thai [Development of prehistoric culture in Thailand]. In sangkhom læ watthanatham nai prathēt Thai [Thailan Culture and Society] (19 - 37). Bangkok: The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Center.
Navakarnpisut, S. & Hoontrakul, U. (2009). Rāingān kānsamrūat læ khut sưksā thāng dān bōrānnakhadī bō̜riwēn phư̄nthī phāinai læ phư̄nthī klai khīang khō̜prathān bat mư̄ang rǣ thī 15 / 2551 māilēk lak khēt mư̄ang rǣ thī 32803 mū 8 ‘amphœ̄ Chīang Khān Čhangwat Lœ̄I [Survey and excavation report for archaeological studies in interior and nearby areas, Requesting a mining license at 15 / 2551, the main mining area number 32803, Village No. 8, Buhom Sub - district, Chiang Khan District, Loei Province]. The 9th Reginal Office of Fine Arts, Khonkaen, Fine Arts Department.
Piromanukul, R. (2002). Baisēmā rư̄ang siphichādok rō̜ngrō̜i phut sātsanā mahāyān nai phāk tawanʻō̜k nư̄a tō̜n bon [A Sema Stone of the Sibi Jataka: Traces of Mahayana Buddhism in Upper Northeast Region]. Mauangboranjournal, 28(3), 102 - 107.
Pietrusewsky, M. The Ancient Inhabitants of Ban Chiang. Expedition, 24(4), 42 - 50.
Saisingha, S. (2009). Phraphuttharūp salak thī phanang tham wangchāng kān phasomphasān thāng watthanatham rawāng thawā Rawadee thō̜ngthin ʻĪsān læ Khamēn nai sinlapa Lāo [Buuha Immage at Tham Wang Xang: An Interesting between the Isan’s Dvarvati Culyure and the Khmer Culture in Laotian Arts]. Mauangboranjournal, 35(2), 90 - 96.
Samackthai, P. (2016). Rāingān phon kāndamnœ̄n ngān nai lum khutnamāilēk nưng (TP.nưng) khrōngkān khutkhon phư̄a kū lǣng bōrānnakhadī nai phư̄nthī khrōngkān ʻanurak læ fư̄nfū hūai pūan phrō̜m rabop bān nō̜ng māk māk kǣo mū thī hok tambon pūan phu ʻamphœ̄ hō̜ng hin čhangwat lœ̄I [Report on results of operation, taken place in excavation the 1st test pit, Excavation Project for Recovery of Archeological Site, in the area of Huai Puan Conservation and Rehabilitation Project, including water - distribution system, Ban Nong Mak Kaeo, Village No. 6, Puan Phu sub - district, Nong Hin district, Loei province]. The 9th Reginal Office of Fine Arts, Khonkaen, Fine Arts Department.
Thamrungraeng, R. (2015). Thawā Rawadee nai ʻĪsān [Dvaravati in the Northeast]. Bangkok: Art and Culture.
Thongkam, S. (2015). Rāingān kānsamrūat lǣng bōrānnakhadī phū tǣk bān chōk chai tambon Dong mafai ʻAmphœ̄ Suwan khūhā Čhangwat Nō̜ng būa lam phū [Report of the Phu Taek Archaeological Survey, Ban Chok Chai, Dong Mafai Sub district, Suwannakhuha District, Nong Bua Lamphu Province]. The 9th Reginal Office of Fine Arts, Khonkaen, Fine Arts Department.
Vallibhotama, Sr. (1990).ʻǣng ʻārayatham ʻĪsān chǣ lakthān bōrān nakhadī phlik chōmnā prawattisāt Thai [A Northeastern site of civilization new archaeological evidence to change the face of Thai history]. Bangkok: Matichon Publishing.
Vallibhotama, Sr. (2005). Lek lōha patiwat mư̄a sō̜ng, hārō̜i pī mā lǣo yuk leknai prathēt Thai: phatthanākān thāng theknōlōyī læ sang khom [Iron, “revolutionary metal”, 2,500 years ago. Iron age in Thailand: Technological and Social Development]. Bangkok: Matichon Publishing House.
White, J.C. (2008). Dating early bronze at Ban Chaing, Thailand. The 11th International Conference of European Association of Southeast Asian.
Wongadsapaiboon, Th. (2016). Rāingān phon kāndamnœ̄n ngān nai lum khutkhon māilēk sō̜ng læ sām khrōngkān khutkhon phư̄a kū lǣng bōrānnakhadī nai phư̄nthī khrōngkān ʻanurak læ fư̄nfū hūai pūan phrō̜m rabop kračhāi nam bān nō̜ng māk kǣo mū thī hok tambon pūan phu ʻamphœ̄ nō̜ng hin čhangwat lœ̄I [Report on results of operation, taken place in excavation the 2nd and 3rd test pit, Excavation Project for Recovery of Archeological Site, in the area of Huai Puan Conservation and Rehabilitation Project, including water - distribution system, Ban Nong Mak Kaeo, Village No. 6, Puan Phu sub - district, Nong Hin district, Loei province (computer printing documents)]. The 9th Reginal Office of Fine Arts, Khonkaen, Fine Arts Department.