A STUDY OF VIKALAPHONCHANA PRINCIPLES IN THERAVADA BUDDHISM

Abstract

This study aimed to 1) examine the principles of the Vigalaphonchana in Theravada Buddhism, 2) analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Vigalaphonchana principles in Theravada Buddhism, and 3) propose guidelines for preventing and addressing current nutritional issues among monks. This study utilized a qualitative documentary research approach. The Vigalaphonchana is a disciplinary rule in the 4th Bhojana Section, the 7thSikkhapada of the Pajittiya Kanda. The Buddha instructed that monks cannot eat after noon but may consume beverages known as "Nam Pana" and Phesach 5 (ghee, condensed butter, oil, honey, and sugarcane juice) throughout the day. The strength of the Vigalaphonchana lies in its requirement for mindfulness while eating, according to the Bhojanemattanyuta principle. However, a significant weakness is that practitioners lack the nutrition knowledge appropriate for the modern age to consume a balanced diet that meets the body's needs. Additionally, consuming beverages after noon may result in excessive intake of nutrients and calories, contributing to a high prevalence of overweight among monks. Being overweight may also arise from other factors, such as not adhering to the Buddha's teachings on mindful eating according to the Bhojanemattanyuta principle, limited nutritional knowledge, lack of physical activity, and reliance on food offered by relatives and people. The recommended guidelines for preventing and addressing issues of overnutrition or undernutrition among monks are as follows: 1) Practice mindful eating according to the Bhojanemattanyuta principle; 2) Acquire greater knowledge of nutrition; 3) Exercise regularly; and 4) Apply the principle of Intermittent Fasting consumption in combination with the principle of Vikalaphonchana.