The History of Traditional Thai Color Terms: A Case Study of the Color Green
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Published:
Jun 29, 2018
Keywords:
Color Terms Color Tones Green Color
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Abstract
Color terms in each society and culture differ depending on its environment and context. This is similar to Thailand, where color terms vary accordingly to different cultures and historical periods. There are many colors with variations in tones such as green, yellow, red, blue, white, and black. The green color, or "Khiaw" in Thai, varies extensively across the color spectrum where it is given more than 30 terms. For example, Khiaw Khee Ma (‘dark cork’), Khiaw Khor Ped (‘teal’), Khiaw Tang Chae (‘green bronze’), etc. The origins of each color term are diverse, commonly associated to Thai people's wisdom, beliefs, custom, and ways of life. Nowadays, the use of traditional Thai color terms have continuously diminished; predominantly used amongst craftsmen and seniors, more so than juniors and youths. Therefore, it is worth exploring varieties of green color predominantly used across Thai traditional paintings, sculptures, and visual arts.
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Bunprasirt, J. (2013). Kān wikhro̜ tamrā wūa [Analysis of texts about oxen] (Master’s thesis on Department of Thai, Graduate School, Silpakorn University).
Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Genetic Improvement. (2015). Pet khai Nakhō̜n Pathom [Duck in Nakornphathom Province]. Bangkok: Department of Livestock Development.
Center of Thai Studies. (2015). Phak top nai wannakhadī [Thai Water hyacinth in Thai literature]. Faculty of Liberal Arts, Mahidol University.
Chao Phya Abhaibhubejhr Hospital. (2016). Phlai samunphrai banthao ʻō̜pfit sindōrom [Cassumunar ginger as herb to treat office syndrome]. Prechinburi: Abhaibhubejhr.
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Nithimongkolsab, A. (2011). Khwāmsamphan rawāng sīkā yakap tūalakhō̜n rư̄ang Rāmmakīan chabap ratchakān thī nưng nai miti thāng khati chon witthayā [The Relation between the colors skin of Ramayana characters of King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke Issue on folkloristics] (Master Project, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Mahidol University).
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Phayurawong, S.C. (1921). Tamrā noppharat [Nine Gemstones Book]. Bangkok: Sophonpipattanakorn.
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_______. (2017). Kānsāng prasopkān suntharīya čhāk sī Thai [The experience of Thai tone Aesthetic] (Doctoral thesis, Silphakorn University).
Poompakphan, N. (2013). Chư̄ rīak khō̜ng lamang nai phāsā Thai - Lāo mī ʻarai bāng [Antelope calling in Thai and Lao languages]. Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University.
Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre. (1994). Thānkhō̜mūn čhārưk nai prathēt [Thai Thai Inscription database in Thailand]. Bangkok: Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre.
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Samkoset, W. (1996). Prawattikān phanan [The history of gambling]. Bangkok: Dhurakijbandit University.
Samneangngam, S. (1999). Kham rīak sī nai photčhanānukrom chabap rātchabanthittayasathān Phutthasakkarāt sō̜ngphanhārō̜I yīsiphā nai thō̜ thak ʻaksarā [Color terms in Royal Institute Dictionary of the Thai language in 1982]. Nakornphathom: Thai Langusge Department, Faculty of Arts, Silpakorn University.
Sangmanee, W. (2014). Mā čhet mū rư̄ čhet trakūn [There are seven kind of Thai horses]. Bangkok: Phaparnsan Press.
_____. (2015). Rattanachāt rư̄ noppharat thī dī [Gemstone or Good Jewels]. Bangkok: That Arts Press.
Sanguansereewanit, P. (2015). Sī thōn Thai chūrot mai nai ngān dī sai [Thai tone: New trend in Design]. Bangkok: Pachachatdhurakij Press.
Sangwienwong, P. (2014). Yō̜nrō̜i prawattisāt yuk mai nai Sayām [Back to the history of the new era in Siam]. Bangkok: ReaunThai.
Siam Buddhist Amulet Preservation Club. (2013). Thamnīap somdet wat rakhang khōsitārām [Class Directory of Phra somdej Wat rakang]. Bangkok: Rakangkositaram Temple.
Siriphat, D. (1995). Phak top: phak phư̄nbān dangdœ̄m thī thūk lư̄m [Water Hyacinth: Forgettable Local plant]. Bangkok: Moa Chao Ban.
Songthong, P. (2008). dūai khānwālai dǣ sō̜ khuptāphā [Praise for Sor Khuptapa]. Bangkok: Formula.
Sonthana, W. (2013). Rū mai thammai kha ikai čhưng mī sī fā [Did you know? Why hen egg is blue]. Bangkok: Post today Press.
Suparatwikorn, S. (1999). Nok Thai nai banthưk læ khwām song čham [Thai Bird in memory and record]. Bangkok: Wana Press.
Supaseripap, K. (2000). Kān tǣ ngō̜kāiphā sītām wan yāng bōrān [Colors dress in ancient daily life]. Chonburi: Burapha University.
Supphasettasiri, P. (1996). Kān tǣ ngō̜kāi khō̜ng sattrī Thai nai krasǣ lōkānuwat [Thai women Dress in Globalization]. Bangkok: Thaweesitpattana Press.
Thai Junior Encyclopedia by Royal Command of His Majesty the King Volume 1 In Learning Issue. (2005). Phan maithachai pen yā raksā rōk [Vegetation on Traditional and Believe]. Bangkok: Project Plant used as Medicine.
Thai Junior Encyclopedia by Royal Command of His Majesty the King Volume 20. (1995). Chit kam Thai bǣp praphēnī [Thai Traditional Painting]. Bangkok: Project.
Thai Junior Encyclopedia by Royal Command of His Majesty the King Volume 29. (2005). Sinlapāchīp [Supplementary Occupations]. Bangkok: Project.
Thai Language Institution, Department of Education. (1997). Bot lakhō̜nnō̜k sang thō̜ng [Sangtong as a play performance by all male or Lakornnok]. Bangkok: The ministry of Education.
Thakulngernthai, W. (2015). Tām hā sī Thai čhāk khrū chāng bōrān thưng ngān dī sai [Thai Follow the Thai colors from ancient technician to Thai design]. Bangkok: Sarakadee Press.
Thongkhamsuk, P. (2012). Mā nai nāttakam Thai [Horse in Thai art performance]. Bangkok: The office of Thai royal society.
Thongphan, S. (2014). Tām hā sī Thai čhāk khrū chāng bōrān thưng ngān dī sai Thai [Follow the Thai colors from ancient technician to Thai design]. Bangkok: Sarakadee Press.
Tungkaseranee, S. (1974). Bot la khō̜n rō̜ng rư̄ang sāo khrư̄a fā [SaoKeuaPha Sop opera]. Bangkok: Phasertaksorn Press.
Uruchata, P. (1981). Sinlapakam bōrān nai Sayām prathēt: sī Thai bōrān [Ancient Fine Arts in Siam: Thai ancient Color]. Bangkok: Bannakij.
Uthayanukul, P. (2011). Prawat khwāmpenmā khō̜ng ʻong phra witsanukam [Wisanukhama History]. Chaingrai: Chiangrai Rajabhat University.
Wattanapongsakul, S. (2005). Sī nai phāsā Khamēn: kānraprū læ khrōngsāng thāng waiyākō̜n [Color in Khmer: perception and grammatical constructions] (Doctoral Thesis, Silpakorn University).
Wattanayon, P. (1924). Kham klō̜n ʻinao sưkka hō̜mang kuning phrarātchaniphon nai ratchakān thī sō̜ng [Literature in title INAO episode on the war of Kamangyuning]. Bangkok: Aksornnithi Press.
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