Defining the Meaning of an “Old Thainess” in the Reign of King Rama III
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Published:
Jun 29, 2021
Keywords:
Thainess Old Thainess King Rama III
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Abstract
This article explores how King Rama III used cultural activities to solve political problems in his era, with significant emphasis on how the King defined "Old Thainess" to establish his “hegemony” and power to govern. The study focuses on the concept of “Thainess” in relation to important economic and social changes and the accompanying increase in diverse population groups in Bangkok and other provinces around the time. These people, such as the Mon, Lao and Chinese, became the population base for governance and for revenue collection. This situation had an effect on the relationship between King Rama III and his relatives and the nobles. For example, Chaophraya Phrakhlang, or Dit Bunnag, the kingmaker, shifted his support to Vajirayana, the King’s relative who possessed more rights to the throne and more charismatic power.
Research findings suggest that the meaning of “Thainess” during the reign of King Rama III is different from what “Thainess” means in the era of absolute monarchy. The old conception of Thainess is not related to the making of the nation, but is rather an attempt to unite the various groups of people under the power of — and obedience to — Bangkok and the hegemony of King Rama III.
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References
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Damrongrachanuphap, H.R.H. Krom Phraya. (1928). Laksana kānpokkhrǭng siam tǣ bōrān [Aspect of Ancient Siam’s Governing]. Phra Nakorn: Sophonphiphanthatha nakorn.
Damrongrachanuphap, H.R.H. Krom Phraya. (1961). Prawat čhaophrayā mahāsēnā (bunnag) prawat čhaophrayā pdinthǭndēchā (Sing Singhasēnī) prawat čhao phrayā yommarāt (Pan Sukhum) [The Biography of Three Pharya]. Bangkok: Khurusaphā.
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Eoseewong N, (2012). Pākkai læ bairư̄a [Pen and Sail]. Nonthaburi: Fadio kan.
Juchitarom, Ch. (1985). Phramahākasatri kap kānchai khwām samphan thāng khrư̄ayāt nai kānmư̄ang kānpokkhrǭng [The King and the use of Kinship in Government and Politics] (Master’s thesis, Silpakorn University).
Kalāhōm, Krasūang [Ministry]. (1953). Thī ra lưk wan sathāpanā krasūang kalāhōm [Commemoration of the Foundation Day of Ministry of Defence]. Phra Nakorn: Aksornprasert.
Kamalaporn, S. (1986). ‘Amnāt nāthī læ botbāt khō̜ng kōsathibō̜dī nai samai rattanakōsin [The Authority and Role of the Kosathi bodi during the Rattanakosin Period] (Master’s thesis, Chula longkorn University).
Ketmaenkit, P. (1972). Ēkkasān khǭng Crawfurd [The John Crawfurd Papers]. Bangkok: Krom Silpakorn.
Khāo tǭn ton ratchakān thī Sām Tām rāingān rātchakānʻangkrit [Report of the British govern at Singapore about the begins of the reign of King Rama III]. (1932). printed on cremation of His Royal Highness Prince Lopburi.
Leksukhum, S. (2005). Čhitkamthai samai ratchakān thī Sām: Khwāmkhit plīan kānsadǣngʻǭk kǭ plīantām [Transformation of Thought and Representation in Paintings of King Rama III Era]. Bangkok: Muangboran.
Limsuwan, U. (1994). Thatsana khǭng phū pokkhrǭng thai kap kham wā lāo nai samai rattanakōsin [“Lao” in the Vision of The Rulers in the Rattankosin Period] (Master’s thesis, Srinakharinwirot University).
Nāng nopmāt rư̄ tamrap thāosīčhulālak [The Lady Nophamat]. (1963). Bangkok: printed on cremation of Governor Luangprajucksatchukan (Udom Tattanon).
Nikrodha, P. (1970). Botbāt khō̜ng sēnābō̜dī hǣng trakūn bunnag nai kānpokkhrō̜ng prathedsiam Tangtǣ ratchakān thī Nưng Thưng ton ratchakān thī Hā [The Administrative Role of the Minister of the Bunnag Family in Siam from 1782 to 1873] (Master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University).
Nimlek, S. (1983). Rātchaʻōnsāthirāt Watpračham ratchakān thī Sām [Wat - Ratchaorasaram: The Temple of King Rama III]. NAJUA: History of Architecture and Thai Architecture, special volume. 51 - 52.
Pengsangtong, S. (1985). Phramahākasatri Phrabǭromwongsānu wonglækhunnāng: Kānmư̄angthaisamairattanakōsin Phō̜.Sō̜. 2325 - 2416 [Kings, Princes and Nobles: Thai Politics during 1782 - 1873 of the Bangkok Period] (Master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University).
Phraphonmabundit. (2013). Prawat Wat Prayurawongsāwāsǭ [The History of Wat Prayoonwong]. Bangkok: Chen Printing Limited Partnership.
Phungsoondara, V. (2018). Čhintaphāp phahuʻārayatham: Čhāk nāngnopmāt thưng phrarātphithīsipsǭngdư̄an [Imagery of diversity from Lady Nophamat to Royal Ceremonies of the Twelve Months]. In Chunlawong, S. (ed.), Thokthīang rư̄ang khunkhā Sǭng wādūai khwām lāklāi thāng watthanatham [Debate about value of diversity in cultural 2]. Bangkok: Khledthai.
Piyabhan, B. (1998). Lāo nai krung rattanakōsin [The Lao in Early Bangkok]. Bangkok: The Thailand Research Fund.
Prachoom jaruek watphrachētphon [Collected Inscriptions of Wat Phra Chetuphon]. (1974). Bangkok: Sivaporn Part., Ltd.
Prachoom phongsāwadān phāk thī Sāmsipʻet Čhotmāihēt rư̄ang mitchannārī ʻamērikan khao mā prathed siam [Collected Records, Part 31: About American Missionary]. (1924). Phra Nakorn: printed on cremation of Phraya Sansinsawamiphak (Thian - hee Sarasin).
Prachoom phrarātputchā [Collection of Royal Queries]. (1973). Bangkok: Thai Wattana Panich.
Presertkul S, (1989). The Transformation of the Thai state and economic change (1855 - 1945) (Doctoral thesis, Cornell University).
Puaksom, D. (2003). Khon plǣk nā nānā chat khǭng krung siam [Diversity of People in the Early Bangkok]. Bangkok: Matichon.
Sapploy, O. (1992). Botbāt læ khwām samkhan khǭng phračhao bǭromwongthoē Kromlūangwongsāthirātsanit nai kān bǭrihān rātchakān phǣndin [The Role and Significance of Prince Krom Lung Wongsadhirajsanit in the Administration of Siam] (Master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University).
Sattayanuruk, S. (2014). Sip Panyāchonsiam Lēm Nưng Panyāchon hǣng ratsombūnnāyāsitthirāt [10 Siamese Intellectuals at The Absolutism Era]. Bangkok: Openbooks.
Sattayanuruk, S. (2015). Prawatsāt ratthai læ sangkhomthai [The History of Thai State and Social]. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai University Press.
Silpakorn, Krom. (1970). Prathom kor ka hatʻān Pathommālā aksornniti bǣprīannangsư̄̄thai [About the Old Textbooks of Siam]. Thonburi: Rungwattana.
Silpakorn, Krom. (2008). Jindamanee [An Old Thai Textbook named Jindamanee]. Bangkok: Prachachon, Ltd.
Silpakorn, Krom. (2018). Jindamanee læ jindamanee Chabapyai boriboon [The first and Complete version of Jindamanee]. Bangkok: The Fine Arts Department.
Sornsuwan, S, Pilot Officer. (2005). Kān raprū rư̄ang chāočhīn khǭng chonchannam thāng kānmư̄ang thai pho so sǭngphan sāmrǭi sīsippǣt hưng sǭngphan sīrǭi čhetsiphā [The Chinese in the Thai Politicala Elite’s Perception, 1895 - 1932] (Master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University).
Sukkumnoed, D. (2019). Prawatsāt nāmtān (tō̜n thī sām): Kamnerd læ lomsalāI khō̜ng ʻutsāhakam nāmtānsāI thai yuk rǣk [The Birth and Decline of Thai’s Sugar industry in the Early Age]. Retrieved August 9, 2020, from https://www.ageconstory. com/2019/03/18/history-of-sugar-ep3/.
Susayanha, A. (1981). Khwāmplīanplǣng khǭng rabopphra ilæ phonkrathop tǭ sangkhomthai Nairatsamai phrabāt Somdet Phra Čhunlačhǭmklao Čhaoyūhūa [Changes of the Phrai System and Their Effects on Thai Society in the Reign of King Chulalongkorn] (Master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University).
Theerasasawat, S. (2000). Kān pokkhrǭng lāo samai pen prathētrāt khǭng thai [Thai Administration in Laos Tributary State]. Humanities and Social Sciences, 17(3), 116 - 150.
Thiphakorawong, Čhaophrayā. (1997). Phrarātchaphongsāwadān krung rattanakōsin ratchakān thī Sō̜ng [Royal Chronicles of the Bangkok Second Reign]. Bangkok: Khurusapha.
Thiphakorawong, Čhaophrayā. (2017). Phrarātchaphongsāwadān krung rattanakōsin ratchakān thī Sām [Royal Chronicles of the Bangkok Third Reign]. Bangkok: Thaiqualitybooks.
Thirawat, N. (1982). Phrarātchadamri thāng kānmư̄ang khǭng Phrabāt Somdet Phra Čhǭmklao Čhaoyūhūa [The Political Though of King Mongkut] (Master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University).
Wannarat, S. (1982). Phutsātsanā kap nǣo khwāmkhit thāng kānmư̄ang nai ratsamai phrabāt somdet phraphutyǭtfāčhulā lōkmahārāt [Buddhism and Political Though in the Reign of Rama I] (Master’s thesis, Chulalongkorn University).
Wongsathiratsanit, His Hihgness. (1916). Khlōng jindamanee [Jinda manee Sonnet]. Bangkok: Rongpimthai.
Yangcharoen, P. & Thanaprasitphatthana, S. (1986). Kān sưksā læ phonkrathop tǭ sangkhom thai samai ton rattanakōsin [Education and Effects on Social in the Rattanakosin Era]. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University.
Yurungruangsak, N. (2020). Kān čhatkān kitkān phutsātsanā khǭng rātchasamnak siam samai ratchakān thī Nưng Thưng ratchakān thī Hā [Siamese Court and the management of Buddhism Affairs in the Period of King Rama I to King Rama V, 1782 -1906] (Doctoral thesis, Silpakorn University).