QUANTIFICATION OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS FROM DIFFERENT PARTS OF Nerium oleander L., AND THEIR ANTIOXIDANT, TYROSINASE INHIBITORY, XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY, AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES
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Abstract
Nerium oleander L. is a plant from the Apocynaceae family traditionally used in herbal medicine; however, comprehensive studies on the bioactivities of all plant parts remain limited. This study aimed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to compare the bioactivities of crude extracts obtained from the leaves, flowers, and stems of N. oleander. Extraction was performed using 95% ethanol through maceration. The results revealed that the flower extract exhibited the highest levels of total phenolics and flavonoids, along with the strongest bioactivities across all assays. Specifically, the flower extract demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, and antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Salmonella typhimurium, performing better than the leaf and stem extracts, with activities comparable to those of the standard references. These findings suggest that N. oleander flower extracts demonstrate high potential for development as natural antioxidants, tyrosinase inhibitors for skin-conditioning products, xanthine oxidase inhibitors for gout treatment, and antimicrobial agents. Nevertheless, product development from N. oleander must carefully address safety concerns, as the plant contains highly toxic cardiac glycosides. Further studies on compound isolation and clinical safety evaluations are warranted to support future applications.
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