Conceptual Frameworks of Policy Implementation Study Top-Down Approach, Bottom-Up Approach, and Hybrid Approach
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Abstract
This article presents foundational frameworks for policy implementation study, which can be categosized into the top-down, bottom-up, and hybrid implementation frameworks. It discusses key assumptions, variables, and exemplary conceptual frameworks by prominent scholars, which are used to investigate and analyse policies widely to explain the gap and relationship between policy intention and actual policy outcomes when implemented. Nonetheless, it is important to note that there are other conceptual frameworks to study policy implementation and conceptualization of policy implementation is rather on-going process in an increasingly complex and dynamic world, impossible to be discussed comprehensively at once in this article.
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