Processes of Thai Labor Migration for Overseas Employment

Abstract

This study examines the characteristics of Thai labor migration and the processes through which Thai workers are deployed abroad under the supervision of the Department of Employment, Ministry of Labour. Using qualitative methods document analysis and in-depth interviews with 57 key informants. The findings reveal that Thai workers migrate through five primary channels: self-initiated migration, recruitment agencies, government-led deployment, employer-sponsored work, and overseas training programs. The findings reveal distinct differences between skilled and semi-skilled/unskilled workers in terms of migration procedures, coordination mechanisms, and levels of labor protection. The study identifies significant differences in migration characteristics between skilled and semi-skilled or unskilled workers in terms of processes, coordination mechanisms, and levels of labor rights protection. (1) Skilled workers typically possess language proficiency and specialized professional skills, enabling them to seek employment and obtain visas independently, often under formal contracts that provide clearer protection. However, many fail to report their overseas employment to relevant authorities due to misunderstandings or a perceived lack of necessity. In contrast, (2) semi-skilled and unskilled workers usually rely on intermediaries, including licensed agencies and state mechanisms. These include government-to-government and agency-based programs that aim to reduce the risk of rights violations. Despite this, problems persist, such as broker misconduct, excessive service fees, and unfair contract terms. Additional channels include employer-initiated overseas transfers or training, and self-arranged employment through personal networks or online platforms. Although these alternatives are emerging, they require regulatory oversight to prevent inadvertent labor rights violations.